Calculate point, given x, y, angle, and distance Excuse my ignorance and use of incorrect terms, but...
I have x and y coordinates, and the angle that the entity is facing on a 2D plane.  I want to find the correct point, say 5 units in front of the point I have.
Examples:
If my entity is at 0, 0 and is facing east (0 degrees), my point would be 5, 0.

If my entity is at 0, 0 and is facing north (90 degrees), my point would be 0, 5.

If my entity is at 0, 0 and is facing north-east (45 degrees), my point would be ???.

I can't even figure it out in my head, let alone figure out the formula I need.  I assume I need trigonometry, but I'm old and haven't used it since 1997.
 A: In general, if $\theta$ is the angle between the line of sight from the entity to the point and the positive $x$ axis, then
$$
x=5\cos\theta,\quad\text{and}\quad y=5\sin\theta. 
$$
Here $\cos$ is the cosine function and $\sin$ is the sine function.
When calculating values of these, it is important to realize that the angle can be measured in various ways, the most common being degrees and radians.   $360$ degrees is $2\pi$ radians. In general to convert $x$ degrees to radians, multiply $x$ by $\pi/180$.   
You can use either measurement system for the angle, but when calculating $\sin$ and $\cos$ using a device, make sure you measure the angle as needed by that device.  
In your example, with an angle of $45$ degrees, if you  find $\sin(45^\circ)$ and $\cos(45^\circ)$ from a calculator, make sure the calculator is set to use degrees as the measure. Using Google's calculator (which by default uses radians), we must input $\sin(45\ \text{ degrees})$ and $\cos(45\ \text{ degrees})$. This returns
$$\sin(45^\circ)\approx.707\quad\text{and}\quad\cos(45^\circ)\approx.707.$$  Your point would then have $x$ coordinate 
$\ \ \ \ \ x\approx5\cdot (0.707)=3.535$ 
and $y$-coordinate 
$\ \ \ \ \ y\approx5\cdot( 0.707)=3.535$.
In radians, $45$ degrees is $45\cdot{\pi\over 180}={\pi\over 4}$ radians; and you could  compute $\cos(\pi/4)$ and $\sin(\pi/4)$  using a device where angles are measured in radians. This of course will give approximately $.707$ in both cases as before. 
A: If you are at point (x,y) and you want to move d unit in alpha angle (in radian), then formula for destination point will be:
xx = x + (d * cos(alpha))
yy = y + (d * sin(alpha))

Note: If angle is given in degree:
angle in radian = angle in degree * Pi / 180

