# Logic & Reality [closed]

Maybe just a quick preface first before the question. I recently started a YouTube channel where I'm trying to clear up confusions I see on various (usually philosophical topics). In my 2nd video, the topic I want to get into is that of logic. Oftentimes, I see people arguing about some inherent connection between [classical] logic(s) and reality. Among other things, this seems to ignore the existence of the plethora of non-classical logics. My view is on this is that such a claim seems a bit silly, at least in the form I encounter it. Given all these non-classical logics, it seems arbitrary to just declare that it is the One True Logic, especially since the other systems were (as far as I know) created to reason about things classical logics didn't work well for (quantum mechanics, self-referential paradoxes, degrees of truth, etc.). So I take a sort of Pluralist view about logic, and I think its better to just think of them as systems of reasoning that work well in some places, but not all, not some weird things connected to all of reality.

...Anyway, I've 2 questions given this: How do logicians and philosophers of logic tend to view logic? Is it roughly similar to this view that boils down to "classical logic = reality"?

I'm reading through stuff by Restall and Priest, so any other resources would be welcome too. :) Thanks for any help you can give!

• How does one use classical logic to emulate quantum mechanics? – Jack Tiger Lam Sep 10 '15 at 5:18
• Try with SEP, starting from e.g. Logical Pluralism and following the Related Entries. – Mauro ALLEGRANZA Sep 10 '15 at 6:03
• Depends on the audience, but I would just mention non-classical logic in passing, if that. Concentrate on the tried and true, and wildly successful -- good old-fashioned true-or-false logic. Yes, I believe, there are actually applications of many-valued logic in designing computer chips that are bit more efficient, but they don't accomplish anything more than ordinary binary chips can. – Dan Christensen Sep 10 '15 at 14:31
• @DanChristensen There are others, like the SQL database language being 3-valued (true/false/unknown (for null)). For the most part, I mainly want to say something like "People keep talking about logic as if it were X, but maybe Y is a better way of thinking about it." – MindForgedManacle Sep 10 '15 at 16:17
• And as to the various 3-valued logics, as I explicitly stated in my answer it may have a suitable interpretation that makes them sound, but does not mean anything about the truth. Just because you do not know something does not mean it is indeterminate. – user21820 Sep 10 '15 at 16:29

I don't know how much of an answer this is, since I also don't know the extent to which the question can be answered precisely. It seems to me (based mostly on conversations) that most mathematicians (and logicians) waver between a kind of platonism and a kind of formalism, though when pressed the may actually come down in favor of formalism. But this is purely anecdotal, I don't know of any survey which attempts to track down what most of the community actually thinks (this would be an interesting survey, though).

Note that there are many interrelations here between logic and mathematics, so that adopting one position viz. logic will generally force you into a similar position viz. mathematics and vice-versa. For instance, adopting pluralism regarding logic will probably force you into adopting pluralism regarding mathematics, as it is well known that a difference in underlying logic can generate rather different mathematical theories (for instance, smooth infinitesimal analysis is fine under intuitionist logic, but inconsistent under classical logic). On the other hand, rejection of intuitionism may entail rejection of intuitionists mathematical theories. So one needs to strike a careful balance here between your logical and your mathematical sensitivities; since you asked for references, Stewart Shapiro's new book, Varieties of Logic is a spirited defense of pluralism in both domains.

One interesting consideration when evaluating pluralism is the choice of the background meta-logic. As Timothy Williamson remarks in "Logic, Metalogic, and Neutrality", while it's a fact that there is a plurality of logics to work with, it's not so clear that there is a plurality of meta-logics to work with. In particular, most work done on the meta-theory of, say, first-order intuitionist logic takes place in a classical setting. For instance, most proofs of the completeness of first-order intuitionist logic are done by adopting classical first-order logic as one's meta-theory. Similarly, the semantic clauses for fuzzy logic are generally formulated against the backdrop of classical logic. Notice that in all those instances, that does not mean that the choice of meta-logic is merely one of convenience: it's not even clear how one would prove completeness for first-order intuitionist logic using only intuitionism, nor how to formulate fuzzy semantic clauses for fuzzy logics. So the choice of a meta-logic, as Williamson argues, is hardly a neutral issue, and here classical logic definitely has an edge, which may be considered as (strong?) argument in favor of classical logic.

Another issue that can be delicate here involves the primitive notions in a given logic. You disparage the classical logician by pointing out to the many different logical systems, asking how it is possible to hold that there is one true logic in the face of such diversity. Well, one possible reply from the classical logician is that those logics are not really logical at bottom. Take, for instance, epistemic logic, which is generally framed in terms of a modal logic. Why should we consider the epistemic operator as logical? Surely the notion involved (that of knowing something) is, well, epistemic? Similar consideration apply, with even more force, to quantum logic or (say) Montague grammar, whose primitive notions seem to be (close to) empirical. Nothing of the sort happens with classical logic, whose logical primitives generally pass all the tests for logicality. That is not to say that these other "logics" are devoid of interest or somesuch, just that they are not really "logics" in the strong sense of the term. They may serve to model some interesting empirical phenomena, but they don't describe the logical structure of reality, so to speak. Of course, that depends on which criteria you adopt for a notion to be logical in the strong sense of the term, a vexed question if there is one (John MacFarlane surveys some of the options in his "Logical Constants" article on SEP; Gila Sher also has important work in this area -- her book The Bounds of Logic is freely downloadable from her website).

The above debate may also be motivated by metaphysical considerations. An adoption of an extreme form of physicalism may motivate extensionalism, thus ruling out modal logics as being anything but useful fictions (if you're Quine, not even that). It may also favor classical logic instead of intuitionism, since most intuitionist considerations are raised in the context of mathematical problems, which will be meaningless under this theory. Finally, it might also declare things like fuzzy logics uninteresting, since vague predicates will also have no correspondence to anything in reality. On the other hand, the more abundant your ontology, the more you may contemplate something like pluralism. So if you accept the existence of, say, mathematical structures, you may want to say that different logics describe different structures, and that therefore they are all acceptable within their restricted range (so fuzzy logic would be fine for fuzzy structures, classical logic fine for classical structures, etc.). This seems to be similar to Shapiro's position in the book mentioned above; he also defends this in an article in a recent collection edited by Penelope Rush, The Metaphysics of Logic, which has many articles which you may want to check out.

Anyway, these are only samples of current debates surrounding the issues you mentioned. It's definitely not a settled issue, as you can see!

• I'm still reading your response, but I just wanted to note that the PhilPapers survey indicates around half of logicians "accept or lean towards classical logic": philpapers.org/surveys/… However, I think I recall seeing something about some respondents finding the question to be too vague about what it meant. – MindForgedManacle Sep 10 '15 at 16:48
• @MindForgedManacle - I thought about that survey, but I was more interested in the view of mathematicians than philosophers of logic. As far as I know, there hasn't been any comparable study of the views of the former community. – Nagase Sep 10 '15 at 16:51
• I only have anecdotal evidence as well, from mathematician I asked about it once. He said the same thing you did about some kind of interplay between Platonism and formalism, so I assume y'all are using the same source. xD I do like pluralism for maths as well (ex: Euclidean & non-Euclidean geometries). Edit: Finished; good response! Wrt logic, I hold 2 kinds of pluralism I suppose: A logic for me is "correct" if it has some useful application. I also tend towards a pluralism view of logical consequence. – MindForgedManacle Sep 10 '15 at 16:58
• In fact, your answer supports my point precisely. I didn't bother to mention the meta-system because if we distinguish formal systems from their meta systems then we will have either a finite or an infinite hierarchy of meta systems. In the former we might as well simply take the highest meta system. In the latter there is zero philosophically valid reason to consider the hierarchy meaningful to the real world. Since there is only one world (as explained in my answer), there is likewise one single underlying system governing the whole world. Different logics merely describe tiny bits of it. – user21820 Sep 11 '15 at 3:06
• @MindForgedManacle: See my above comment. Nagase' answer is just one part of why I said in my answer that classical logic is really the best description of what is really at the bottom of everything. I didn't want to mention the details, but as he said we end up ultimately using classical logic for everything, including when we study different logic systems. I go further and say that when we want to know what facts hold about the real world, we are automatically talking about boolean assertions which are obviously governed by classical logic. This view is called model-theoretic. – user21820 Sep 11 '15 at 3:12

Perhaps what I'm going to say is obvious, perhaps not, so here goes.

Before we can talk about the relationship between any kind of logic system or even any kind of mathematical object in general and the real world, we first need some kind of interpretation. An interpretation assigns each mathematical object or assertion in some logic system to a specific meaning in the real-world, which may be an object, a physical law, a concept, or anything else. Necessarily we cannot use any formal system to specify such an interpretation, and so it would require natural language. For example, we can choose to interpret "A and B" where A and B are boolean assertions (that have real-world interpretations that are either true or false) to mean that both A and B are true when interpreted. This foregoing sentence specifies what exactly I want my interpretation of "A and B" to be, which may not be what someone else wants. In this sense classical logic is clearly true, because it only deals with boolean assertions. We cannot say that it is false.

Someone might say that there may be assertions that are neither true nor false in the real world. But on a little thought it is clear that such a claim has no meaning whatsoever. Lack of context can make an assertion ambiguous, but that has nothing to do with the underlying logic, in the same way that an English sentence can be ambiguous but have nothing to do with the intended meaning. In addition, truth is independent of knowledge, yet people frequently give the ridiculous argument that some things cannot be known to be true or false and hence classical logic is flawed. Not at all. In fact, we can have the domain including assertions and the language including function symbols so that we can manipulate assertions, like "neg(P)" for the negation of P. Hence we can easily have a predicate K in classical logic for known (or knowable or whatever you might want). Then for any unknown assertion P we will just have "not K(P) and not K(neg(P))". Certainly modal logic can also be used as well. For example if K is a modal operator then we have "not K P and not K not P". Modal logics too are mostly based on classical logic, for the same reasons.

Clearly, however, there is no sense in saying that classical logic "equals to" reality, since it is as you noted one of many possible formal systems, whereas reality consists of much more than symbol strings and rules. That said, there is as set forth above very good reason to affirm that the obvious reasonable interpretation of classical logic makes it so that the deductive rules are sound (from assertions that are interpreted to be true we can only deduce assertions that would be interpreted to be true), and hence we can conclude that the real world itself is in a sense a model of classical logic itself.

• Side remark: We require natural language because we need a language that can refer to the objects in the real world, and no formal system can do that until we have first defined (via natural language) its semantics so that it is able to do so. – user21820 Sep 10 '15 at 9:46
• So you don't believe this is true (or could be true) about any non-classical logic? – MindForgedManacle Sep 10 '15 at 13:03
• @MindForgedManacle: Well I have given an example of how reasonable interpretation of classical logic actually makes sense in the real world (this cannot be made rigorous). Now there are two parts to your question. (1) Is there a non-classical logic together with some suitable interpretation of it that actually seems to be true about the real world. Perhaps, but until both the logic and the interpretation are provided, the question remains meaningless. This is the problem with many philosophers who know absolutely no logic and make claims that I implicitly refute in my answer. ..[continued] – user21820 Sep 10 '15 at 13:53
• (2) What is the underlying structure of the world? Certainly there is some framework that governs the world (and by this I mean literally everything, so it is meaningless to talk about multiple universes because all of them still must come under some single over-arching framework that governs how they interact). Now, is this framework described by a classical or non-classical logic. Surely classical, since we only have one world, and so there are clearly absolute truths and absolute falsehoods. And if every context is fully specified, every assertion is absolute and hence boolean. – user21820 Sep 10 '15 at 13:59
• To be fair, most partisans of truth value gaps are so motivated by either vagueness or paradoxical constructions (like either the liar or the truth-teller), not by the knowledge argument you disparage in the reply. Supposing that reality is completely determinate may force you to adopt the (unwanted) conclusion that a person goes bald after he loses his $n$th hair, while at the same time the only strategy open for dealing with paradoxical constructions is to declare them meaningless by fiat, which seems ad hoc at best. – Nagase Sep 10 '15 at 15:49

The issue of your question is a deep philosophical one.

Is logic an "abstract" math theory, like e.g. algebra, that studies some "kind of structure" or is Logic "the" theory of something ?

You can see e.g. :

• Oswaldo Chateaubriand, What is Propositional Logic a Theory of, if Anything?, in : Luiz Carlos Pereira & Edward Hermann Haeusler & Valeria de Paiva (editors), Advances in Natural Deduction (2014), page 145-on.
• Was this originally longer? I see "long comment" there, so did something get cut out? – MindForgedManacle Sep 10 '15 at 16:22
• Ah. Thanks for the link though. Chateaubriand's stuff looks interesting and like exactly what I was looking for. :) – MindForgedManacle Sep 11 '15 at 16:09
• By "something" in "is Logic "the" theory of something ?" did you mean, e.g., "human reasoning"? – user170039 Feb 13 '18 at 15:12