Why does the cylinder with minimum surface area have a height equal to its diameter? I'm trying to understand as to why, with a given volume, the diameter and height of a cylinder need to be the same for the minimum surface area. This thread, shows how to derive the minimum surface area of a cylinder with a given volume, but doesn't explain why this is.
 A: Volume $V=\pi r^2 h$.
Surface area $$S =2 \pi r h +2 \pi r^2$$
Now, the AM-GM inequality says
$$\frac{ \pi r h + \pi rh +2 \pi r^2}{3} \geq \sqrt[3]{\pi r h \cdot  \pi rh \cdot2 \pi r^2}=  \sqrt[3]{2 \pi V^2 }$$
with equality if and only if $ \pi r h = \pi rh =2 \pi r^2$.
Basically, it boils down to this simple principle (which is more or less AM-GM): if some expressions have a constant product, their sums is minimal if the functions are equal (if they can be equal). 
A: The thread you linked to shows that making the cylinder very tall or very short increases the surface area, so there must be an optimum somewhere in the middle.  It just happens in this problem that the height and diameter are equal.  If you did the problem for a can with only one end, as in the linked problem, the answer would change to have the height and radius equal.  The direction of the shift is easy to see.  If you have only one end, increasing the radius is cheaper in terms of surface area than if you have both ends, so you would increase the radius relative to the height.
A: I came up with this question and I'll try to give an explanation using basic calculus.
First, the volume for a circular cylinder is $ \pi r^2h $ where $ r $ is the radius of the cylinder, and $ h $, its height.
Second, the surface area of a cylinder is:
$$ 2 \pi r^2 + 2 \pi r h \tag{1} $$
Now, we want to find the minimal surface area for a cylinder of a given volume.
So the volume is a constant and we can the relation between the height as a function of the radius:
$$ h(r) = \frac{V}{\pi r^2} \tag{2} $$
If we replace (2)  in (1) we can obtain the equation for the surface area as a function or $ r $:
$$
SA(r) =  2 \pi r^2 + 2 \pi r \frac{V}{\pi r^2} \\
SA(r) = 2 \pi r^2 + 2 \frac{V}{r} \\
$$
Here's where calculus comes, to find the radius that gives us the minimal surface area, we need to find where the derivative of the surface area with respect to the radius equals to zero.
$$
\frac{d}{dr}SA(r) = 4 \pi r - 2 \frac{V}{r^2} \\
\frac{d}{dr}SA(r) = 4 \pi r - 2 \frac{V}{r^2} = 0 \\
4 \pi r = 2 \frac{V}{r^2} \\
2 \pi r = \frac{V}{r^2} \\
2 \pi r = \frac{\pi r^2 h}{r^2} \\
2 r = h \\
$$
Which means that the minimum surface area for any circular cylinder happens when the diameter is equal to the height.
