How can I find the differential equation for a (R+L)||C circuit? I have a question about a parallel series RLC circuit; the capacitor is parallel to the {inductor + resistor}. The capacitor is charged at an initial voltage $U_{C,0}$ and the inductor has initially no energy.
I cant include schematics yet, but it would look like that: parallel circuit with


*

*on the left a capacitor (voltage Uc across it, the + top, the -
bottom)

*on the right side a resistor (voltage $U_R$ with the + top, - bottom)
in series with a inductor (voltage $U_L$ with + top, - bottom)




           ---------------
     |     |             |   |
     |     |             R   |  Ur
     |     |             |   V
 Uc  |     C             |   -
     |     |             |   |
     |     |             L   |  Ul
     V     |             |   V
           ---------------

I wonder what the differential equation is.
Indeed, I believe I get a wrong result... 
$U_c=U_r+U_L$
$<=> \frac{d²i}{dt²} + \frac{R}{L} \frac{di}{dt} - \frac{1}{LC} = 0$
And here is a problem since delta is always positive... It should behave like a LC circuit but damped over time.
Therefore, I am lead to believe that my convention for $U_c$ is the problem (for me, the + of the capacitor is like that since it behaves like a voltage source because of its initial charge... maybe this is the problem?).
Any help would be very welcome 
 A: 
I believe I get a wrong result... 
$$ \frac{d²i}{dt²} + \frac{R}{L} \frac{di}{dt} - \frac{1}{LC} = 0$$

I think besides being wrong or right, a result should also be useful. If you arrived at a differential equation for $i$, but have boundary value for $U_C(t)$, that is $U_C(0) = U_{C,0}$, then I wonder if this differential equation is the result you are looking for.

I am lead to believe that my convention for $U_C$ is the problem

The convention is arbitrary as long as you stick to it.
Let's add some currents to the schematic:
           ---------------
     |     |             |   |
     |     V  Ic         R   |  Ur
     |     |             |   V
 Uc  |     C        Irc  V   -
     |     |             |   |
     |     |             L   |  Ul
     V     |             |   V
           ---------------

The indices in the schematic are lower case for readability while in the formulas they are upper case.
As you said
$$U_C = U_R + U_L$$
additionally
$$I_C = C\dot U_C$$
$$U_L = L\dot I_{RL}$$
$$U_R = RI_{RL}$$
from the circuit it looks like 
$$I_C = -I_{RL}$$
which gives
$$U_L = L\dot I_{RL}= L\dot I_C$$
$$U_R = RI_C$$
and with $I_C = C\dot U_C$ and $\dot I_C = C\ddot U_C$, respectively
$$U_L = L\dot I_C = LC\ddot U_C$$
$$U_R = RI_C = RC\dot U_C $$
you end up with a differential equation for $U_C$ which is what you are looking for (I guess)
$$0= LC\ddot U_C + RC\dot U_C - U_C$$

clumsy me taking over, trying to solve this
$$0= LC\lambda^2 + RC\lambda - 1$$
$$0= \lambda^2 + \frac{R}{L}\lambda - \frac{1}{LC}$$
$$\lambda_{1,2}=\frac{-RC\pm\sqrt{(RC)^2-4}}{2LC}$$
with the general solution for $U_C$
$$U_C(t) = a_1e^{\lambda_1 t} + a_2e^{\lambda_2 t}$$
interpreting the different kinds of possible $\lambda_{1,2}$


*

*$(RC)^2 = 4$, yielding only one solution from the root
$$\lambda_{1,2}=\lambda=\frac{-RC\pm\sqrt{(RC)^2-4}}{2LC}=\frac{-2\pm\sqrt{0}}{2LC}=-\frac{1}{2LC}$$
R,C and L are all > 0, which is why I can conclude that $RC=2$, not $\pm2$. I also say that $\lambda <0$ for the same reason. The general solution
$$U_C(t) = ae^{\lambda t}$$
with the boundary value yields
$$U_C(0) = U_{C,0}= ae^{\lambda 0} = a$$
hence
$$U_C(t) =  U_{C,0}e^{\lambda t}$$
With $\lambda <0$ the function decays over time or is damped over time as you put it. So it actually does what you expect it to do. Good?

*if $(RC)^2>4$ then $\lambda_{1,2} \in \mathbb{R}$, which is the same as the general solution
$$U_C(t) = a_1e^{\lambda_1 t} + a_2e^{\lambda_2 t}$$
With two variables $a_1$ and $a_2$, the single boundary value is not enough to determine the two. But I say that $\lambda_{1,2} <0$, because $RC>\sqrt{(RC)^2-4}$. The same reasoning as in the first case applies: $U_C(t)$ is damped over time. Ok?

*the last case is $(RC)^2<4$ so that $\lambda_{1,2} \in \mathbb{C}$
$$\lambda_{1,2}=\alpha \pm\beta i$$
with the solution for $U_C(t)$
$$U_C(t)=e^{\alpha t}\sin (\beta t) + e^{\alpha t}\cos (\beta t)$$
Only the real part of $\lambda_{1,2}$ influences the damping of the function. If split into real and imaginary part $\lambda_{1,2}$ looks like this
$$\lambda_{1,2}=\underbrace{{\frac{-RC}{2LC}}}_{\alpha}\pm\underbrace{\frac{\sqrt{(RC)^2-4}}{2LC}}_{\beta i}$$
Given that $\alpha <0$, the function $U_C(t)$ is also damped in this case. It does some fancy wobbling, but it's still damped.




The conclusion is that no matter how the values are, $U_C(t)$ is always damped.
A: Your differential equation is formally right but has a small error. For $U_c$ you have $U_c = \frac{q}{C}$. Now if the current $i$ flows out from the capacitor you will have the relationship for the charge: $q(t) = q(t=0) - \int_0^t i(t')dt'$ with $q(t=0) = CU_{C,0}$. The capacitor is discharging with time while the current $i(t)$ flows through the LR sector of the circuit.
After differentiating by time you will get the right result.
