Of the 16 binary operations on a two element set, which ones are commutative, associative, have an identity element, and have inverse? If you you 16 binary operations
$$(a*a)=a$$
$$(a*b)=a$$
$$(b*a)=a$$
$$(b*b)=a$$

$$(a*a)=a$$
$$(a*b)=b$$
$$(b*a)=a$$
$$(b*b)=b$$

$$(a*a)=b$$
$$(a*b)=a$$
$$(b*a)=b$$
$$(b*b)=a$$

$$(a*a)=b$$
$$(a*b)=b$$
$$(b*a)=b$$
$$(b*b)=a$$
which of them (we can just label them 1-16) are commutative, associative, have an identity element, and have inverses? 
My answer is 1-5, 8-9, and 12-16 are all commutative, 1-5, 8-9, and 13 are associative, and 1, 5, and 8 have identity elements and inverses. 
My question is 1) are my answers correct and 2) could you please show your work for some of the identity and inverse ones; I did these in my head and am a bit confused because while my book lists and talks about 16 operations it's really 4 ways of combining 4 different operations and when I solved for the inverses and identity elements in my head and such I was realizing that 2 operations were often "linked" and I guess I'm just having trouble formalizing my thoughts so if you could go through some of these (like identity and inverse) thoroughly that would be great. 
 A: A binary operation on a set $A$ is a function from $A\times A \to A$, which means that it assigns exactly one element of $A$ to every ordered pair in $A \times A$.
In your example, $A=\{a,b\}$, so $$A\times A = \{(a,a),(a,b),(b,b),(b,a)\}$$
You can describe an operation on $A$ by saying exactly where it sends the four pairs (see Cameron Williams's  comment).
Thus, for example, the second operation is the one that sends 
$$(a,a) \text{ to } a, \text{ written } (a*a)=a\\
(a,b) \text{ to } b, \text{ written }(a*b)=b  \\
(b,a) \text{ to } a, \text{ written } (b*a)=a  \\
(b,b) \text{ to } b, \text{ written } (b*b)=b$$
To be commutative, an operation must send $(x,y)$ and $(y,x)$ to the same element for all $x,y \in A$. In the operation notation, this means that 
$$\forall x,y \in A, \; x*y=y* x$$
Is this true for the second operation? There are only two distinct elements, so we just need to check that $a*b =b*a$.
But we have $a*b=a \neq b=b*a$, which means the operation is not commutative.
Now, existence of the identity: the identity is an element that fixes every element in $A$. Is there an element $e$ in $A$ such that $$e *x=x* e=x \quad\forall x \in A?$$
To check this, you need to look at each of the elements in $A$:
The equation
$$a*b=a \neq b=b*a$$
tells you that $a$ does not fix $b$ (because $a*b=a$) and that $b$ does not fix $a$ (because $b*a=b$). There are no more elements in $A$, so we can conclude that this operation does not have an identity.
Since it doesn't have an identity, it doesn't have inverses.
To check associativity, you need to check if performing the operation in a different order affects the result, i.e., if different ways of parenthesizing affect the result. The operation is associative if 
$$(x*y)*z=x*(y*z) \quad \forall x,y,z \in A$$
Note that $x,y,z$ in the definition are not necessarily distinct. 
I'll let you check this one; the operation will be associative if all the following hold (just go through each using the definition of the operation, performing what's in parenthesis first):
$$(a*a)*a\overset{?}{=}a*(a*a)$$
$$(b*b)*b\overset{?}{=}b*(b*b)$$
$$(a*b)*a\overset{?}{=}a*(b*a)$$
$$(b*a)*a\overset{?}{=}a*(b*a)$$
$$(a*a)*b\overset{?}{=}a*(a*b)$$
$$(a*b)*b\overset{?}{=}a*(b*b)$$
$$(b*b)*a\overset{?}{=}b*(b*a)$$
$$(b*a)*b\overset{?}{=}b*(a*b)$$

The definitions will become less confusing as you practice them; try checking them for familiar operations on familiar sets. For example, try checking them for addition and subtraction on the integers.
