Character sum of a type of "almost linear" surjective mappings over finite fields Let $F$ be a finite field of characteristic a prime $p$ with $q$ elements and let $E/F$ be a finite extension of degree $n > 1$ over $F$. Let $\chi$ be the additive canonical character on $F$ defined by $\chi(x) = e^{2\pi \sqrt{-1}T(x)/p}$, where $T : F \to \mathbb{F}_p$ is the ($\mathbb{F}_p$-linear surjective) trace map $T(x) = \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} x^{p^i}$. 
The class of polynomials $f : E \to F$ that I'm interested in have the following two properties:
(1) $f$ is surjective;
(2) There exists an integer $m$ such that $f(cx) = c^m f(x)$ for every $c \in F$. 
Question: Is it known a good upper bound for 
$$
S = \left| \sum_{x \in E} \chi(f(x))\right|?
$$
Remark: Of course we have a general upper bound for these sums, the so called Weil bound $S \leq (\deg(f) - 1)q^{n/2}$. However from some computer experiments I have tried it seems possible this should be a lot lower. In particular when $\gcd(m, q-1) = 1$, it seems that $S = 0$ always. This should have to do with the fact that the mapping $x \mapsto x^m$ permutes $F$ if and only if $\gcd(m, q-1) = 1$. In any case I think there should be some dependency of $S$ on $\gcd(m, q-1)$. Hopefully someone has seen these things before! Thanks!
 A: I have some doubts now that 
$$
S_m := \sum_{x \in E} \chi(f_m(x)) = 0
$$
whenever $(m, q-1) = 1$ in general, but nevertheless here are some calculations that might be of help in certain cases. 
For now let $m$ be any integer. Clearly for any $k \in E^*$, $x \mapsto kx$ is a permutation of $E$. Let $e(z) := e^{2\pi \sqrt{-1}z}$. Thus
\begin{align}
(p-1) S_m &= \sum_{c \in \mathbb{F}_p^*}\sum_{x \in E} \chi(f_m(x)) = \sum_{c \in \mathbb{F}_p^*}\sum_{x \in E} \chi(f_m(cx)) = 
\sum_{x \in E}\sum_{c \in \mathbb{F}_p^*}\chi(f_m(cx))\\
&= \sum_{x \in E}\sum_{c \in \mathbb{F}_p^*}\chi(c^m f_m(x)) = \sum_{x \in E} \sum_{c \in \mathbb{F}_p^*} \chi(f_m(x))^{c^m} = \sum_{x \in E} \left( -1 + \sum_{c \in \mathbb{F}_p} e\left( \dfrac{T(f_m(x)) c^m)}{p}  \right) \right)\\
&= -q^n + p N_m + \sum_{x \in E \setminus K_m} \sum_{c \in \mathbb{F}_p} e\left( \dfrac{T(f_m(x)) c^m)}{p}  \right)
\end{align}
where
$$K_m := \{x \in E \mid f_m(x) \in \ker(T)\}$$
and $N_m := \#K_m$. 
Some things to notice now. 
(1) Note that
$$
N_m = \dfrac{1}{p}\#\{ (x, y) \in E \times F \mid f_m(x) = y^p - y  \}.
$$
(2) In the case that $(m, p-1) = 1$ (which happens if $(m, q-1) = 1$) we have
$$
G_m := \sum_{c \in \mathbb{F}_p} e\left( \dfrac{T(f_m(x)) c^m)}{p}  \right) = 0.
$$
Thus $S_m \in \mathbb{Q}$ here.
Moreover, when $(m, p-1) = 1$, we have $S_m = 0$ if and only if 
$$
\#\{ (x, y) \in E \times F \mid f_m(x) = y^p - y  \} = \#E := q^n.
$$
I believe $G_m$ is known also when $m = 2$ or $m = 3$ (quadratic and cubic Gauss sums) but it seems that a good upper bound is not known in the general case of $m$. See Section 6.1 here:
https://people.math.ethz.ch/~kowalski/exp-sums.pdf
(3) Assume $(m, q-1) = 1$. Further assume that $p \nmid n$. It follows that
\begin{align}
(q - 1)S_m &= \sum_{c \in F^*} \sum_{x \in E} \chi(f_m((cn)^{1/m} x)) = \sum_{c \in F^*} \sum_{x \in E}\chi(c nf_m(x)) = \sum_{c \in F^*} \sum_{x \in E}\chi( T_F^E (cf_m(x))) \\
&= \sum_{x \in E} \sum_{c \in F^*} \psi(cf_m(x)),
\end{align}
where $\psi$ is the canonical additive character of $E$. By the orthogonality relations it follows that
$$
(q-1)S_m = -q^n + q \cdot \#\{x \in E \mid f_m(x) = 0\}.
$$ 
Thus we get 
$$
(q - p)S_m = q \cdot \#\{x \in E \mid f_m(x) = 0\} - p \cdot \#\{x \in E \mid f_m(x) \in \ker(T_{q|p})\}.
$$
If $q \neq p$, then $S_m = 0$ if and only if
$$
\#\{x \in E \mid f_m(x) \in \ker(T_{q|p})\} = \dfrac{q}{p} \cdot \#\{x \in E \mid f_m(x) = 0\}.
$$
