Shortest distance of the point $(0,c)$ from the parabola $y=x^2$ Shortest distance of the point $(0,c)$ from the parabola $y=x^2$ ? (Where $0\le c \le5$) 
My approach: I wrote the distance formula by taking parametric coordinates as $(t,t^2)$ and then differentiated the equation.I got the extremum as $x=\sqrt (c)$,but that's the wrong answer? I can't figure out my mistake.
Please help! 
 A: Let $f(t):=(t-0)^2+(t^2-c)^2$. The necessary condition for the minimum of $f$ is
$$
\frac{d}{dt}\left\{(t-0)^2+(t^2-c)^2\right\}=2t+4t(t^2-c)=0,
$$
which yields
$$
t_1=0, t_{2,3}=\pm\sqrt{c-1/2}.
$$
However, $t_{2,3}$ are real only for $c\ge1/2$. In addition, the second order condition shows that when $c\ge 1/2$, $f(t_1)$ is a local maximum. So, the minimum distance squared is $c^2$ when $c<1/2$ and $c-1/4$, otherwise.
A: I read somewhere that the vector from the point to the curve must be normal to the point of the curve which it is closest to. I think you should read "differential geometry" if you think this is exciting.
We can get tangents to $x^2$ by differentiation: it is the line passing through $(x,x^2)$ having slope $2x$. Then the normal will pass through the same point but have inverted slope: $-1/(2x)$. We can convince ourselves by calculating and see that $[1,2x] [1,-1/(2x)]^T = 0$, so they are orthogonal. 
So rays shot out from the curves' normal needs to hit the point. We can reformulate this as rays with slope $-1/(2x_0)$ shot out from the point need to hit $(x_0,{x_0}^2)$. So 
$$c - 1/(2x_0) x_0 = {x_0}^2 \Leftrightarrow$$
$$c - 1/2 = {x_0}^2$$
In the plot below, c is on the x-axis and y-value is distance. Blue is the minimum found by brute force in Octave and the red circles are the distances predicted by our formula.

A: The distance from $(0,c)$ to a point on $y=x^2$ is given by the distance formula
$$\sqrt{(x-0)^2+(y-c)^2}=\sqrt{x^2+(x^2-c)^2}=\sqrt{x^4+(1-2c)x^2}$$
If we are interested in the shortest distance, it suffices to find the shortest distance of the square of this expression.
Let $$f(x)=x^4+(1-2c)x^2$$
$$f'(x)=4x^3+(2-4c)x$$
and $f'(x)=0$ when $4x^2=2-4c$ or $x=±\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}-c}$
One of these values will give the minimum of the distance; you can probably take it form here.
EDIT: mistakes shown below in the comments; please note.
A: Given is
$$
y = x^2
$$
So the normal for point $(x_o,x_o^2)$ can be written as
$$
(x,y) = (x_o - 2\alpha x_o, x_o^2 + \alpha )
$$
The length of the normal from point $(x_o,x_o^2)$ is given by
$$
\ell = \alpha \sqrt{4 x_o^2 + 1}
$$
We need to solve
$$
(0,c) = (x_o - 2\alpha x_o, x_o^2 + \alpha )
$$
or
$$
\left[
\begin{array}{rcl}
x_o - 2 \alpha x_o &=& 0\\
c &=& x_o^2 + \alpha
\end{array}
\right.
$$
From
$$
x_o - 2 \alpha x_o = 0
$$
follows $x_o$ or $\alpha = \tfrac{1}{2}$.
Case $x_o=0$
We obtain
$$
\left[
\begin{array}{rcl}
0 &=& 0\\
c &=& \alpha
\end{array}
\right.
$$
Thus $\alpha = c$ and $x_o=0$. So the length is given by
$$
\ell = c
$$
Case $\alpha = \tfrac{1}{2}$
We obtain
$$
\left[
\begin{array}{rcl}
0 &=& 0\\
c &=& x_o^2 + \frac{1}{2}
\end{array}
\right.
$$
Thus $\alpha = \tfrac{1}{2}$ and $x_o = \sqrt{c - \tfrac{1}{2}}$. The case $c<\tfrac{1}{2}$ givens the $x_o=0$ solution.
The case $c \ge \frac{1}{2}$ gives the length
$$
\ell = \sqrt { c^2 - \tfrac{1}{4} } 
$$
Note that $c \ge \sqrt{ c^2 - \tfrac{1}{4}}$ for $c \ge \frac{1}{2}$, so the shortest distance is given by
$$
c \textrm{ for $c \le \tfrac{1}{2}$}
$$
or
$$
\sqrt{c^2 - \tfrac{1}{4}} \textrm{ for $c \ge \tfrac{1}{2}$}
$$
