# Integration by parts for general measure?

Let $\mu$ be a general measure, suppose $f,g$ has compact support on $\mathbb{R}$, when does the integration by parts formula hold $$\int f'g d\mu = - \int g'fd\mu?$$ I know in general this is false, we can take $\mu$ to be supported on a point, say $0$, then it is not necessarily true that $$f'(0)g(0) = -g'(0)f(0).$$

If $\mu$ is absolute continuous w.r.t. Lebesgue measure, we have $\frac{d\mu}{dx} = h$ $$\int f'gd\mu = \int f'gh dx = -\int f(gh)'dx$$ where $(gh)'dx$ might be a measure. but we can not recover the form $\int g'fh dx$.

Thank you very much!

• I think you found the answer yourself: pretty much never. The concept of derivative is adapted to standard metric, which leads to the Lebesgue measure. Another measure has no reason to interact with derivatives in the way you specified. – user147263 Jun 28 '15 at 23:55

You are correct. A measure has no reason to preserve this property. As a matter of fact, the only measures that absolutely continuous wrt Lebesgue measure that preserve this property for all $f,g \in C^1_c(\Bbb{R})$ are scaled Lebesgue measures.
Let $g\neq 0$. If $(gh)'=g'h$, then $gh'+g'h=g'h$, or $gh'=0$, implying $h'=0$ and $h=c$.
Or if the question is, "given two specific functions, $f,g$, does there exist $\mu$ such that this formula holds?". The answer is only if $f$ or $g$ is identically $0$.
As is so often the case it is illuminating to work with the Gaussian distribution, so let $\varphi$ be the standard Gaussian measure then it is true that $$\mathcal{A}\varphi := \varphi^{\prime}(x) + x\varphi(x) = 0,$$ where $\mathcal{A}$ is the operator $\frac{d}{dx} + x$ with adjoint $\frac{d}{dx} - x$ (where this adjoint is formed from integration by parts with respect to the Lebesgue measure. Now let $f$ be a function such that all of the following operations are legal and so on, and let $\rho(dx)$ be the measure $\varphi(x) dx$. Then we have $$\int (A^{\dagger} f )(x) \rho (dx) = \int f(x) \mathcal{A} \varphi(x) dx = 0.$$ So we get a version of integration by parts for the Gaussian measure with the operator $d/dx$ is \begin{align} \int f^{\prime} g d\rho &= \int (fg)^{\prime} - g^{\prime} f d\rho \\ &= \int x f g d\rho - \int g^{\prime} f d\rho. \end{align} Whether this is useful is of course going to be problem dependent. In your original question you made this term disappear by assuming a compact support, and of course that is the same thing you would do to make the standard Lebesgue measure proportional to the uniform distribution. In the probability and statistics literature the process of using these operators to prove limit theorems and other approximation type results is referred to as Stein's method, this blog post gives an introduction and application to the CLT https://terrytao.wordpress.com/2010/01/05/254a-notes-2-the-central-limit-theorem/