# System of equations for vector valued functions problems

I am having trouble about determining the system to solve when using finite element method for vector fields.

Suppose we have the following problem: $$-\Delta\mathbf{u}=\mathbf{f}\;\text{in}\;\Omega,$$ with some Dirichlet boundary conditions. The weak form would be: $$\int_{\Omega}\nabla\mathbf{u}:\nabla\mathbf{v}=\int_{\Omega}\mathbf{fv},$$ where $\nabla\mathbf{u}$ and $\nabla\mathbf{v}$ are matrices.

If we discretize the functions like this: $$\mathbf{u}^h=\sum_{j=1}^{N}\mathbf{u}_j\mathbf{\phi}_j,$$ where $N$ are the nodes of the discretization. Here is my first doubt, should be $\mathbf{\phi}_j$ scalar or vector valued function? In the first case I arrive to the following system of equation: $$\begin{pmatrix}A & 0\\ 0 & A\end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix}U^1\\U^2 \end{pmatrix}= \begin{pmatrix}f_1\phi_i\\ f_2\phi_i\end{pmatrix},$$where $A = \int\nabla\phi_i\nabla\phi_j$ and $f_1\phi_i,\;i,j=1...N$, is it correct?.

However, if $\mathbf{\phi}_j$ is a vector valued function then the discretization $u^h=\sum_{j=1}^{N}\mathbf{u}_j\cdot\mathbf{\phi}_j$ is not a vector but a scalar so I do not know what to do. Moreover, I do not know if it makes sense that $\mathbf{\phi}_j$ be a vector valued function.

Thanks!

Recall that the $\phi_i$ come from a specific space of functions which is related to the dimensionality of $\Omega$ and other things. You should be careful to spell out what space these functions come from as it is a necessary part of the finite element formulation.

If your problem is one dimensional then $\phi$ should indeed be scalar valued. If you are interested in solving the problem in higher dimensions the way one normally proceeeds is by multiplying by a seperate test function for each dimension. One can then go through the details and recombine the multiple equations into one later, but you will still have multiple test functions cooresponding to each trial space and each of these new higher dimensional $'\phi_i'$ will be in a product space of the lower dimensional spaces.

Also note that your linear system is missing the variables that you intend to solve for! It is usually notated as $Au=F$, where $u$ is your vector of variables.

• Ok, so we have a set of basis functions for each dimension, isn't it? But why we don't have only a set of vector valued basis functions? – DOMiguel Jun 11 '15 at 8:14
• you can view these basis functions as vector valued as is done in idi.ntnu.no/~elster/tdt24/tdt24-f09/gagan-fem.pdf I think its just most natural to think of it as an extension of the 1D scalar case. Also, in a concrete numerical implementation, you may want to choose differnt basis for differnt coordinate directions so its often useful to consider them as seperate. – faith_in_facts Jun 11 '15 at 12:11
• I am sorry but I do not see in the document where they are using vector valued basis functions. By the way, I think your first idea was right but I do not see it very well, if you could do some brief calculations I eould appreciate it. – DOMiguel Jun 11 '15 at 12:48
• check page 13 on the document. – faith_in_facts Jun 11 '15 at 13:10
• I think there is some confusion. Laplaces equation is a scalar equation. It specifies the amount (scalar) of something at a specific location. The problem can be solved in 1,2,3 or more dimensions and the test functions will be multivariate. On the other hand for example the navier stokes equations are vector equations. They specify velocity (a vector) at a point in your domain (1,2 or 3D). So when you talk about vector fields for your problem, I dont understand what you mean. Perhaps someone else can help but I think the question no longer makes sense to me. – faith_in_facts Jun 11 '15 at 16:39

Finally, I found how to discretize the problem for vector valued functions. The following annotations were inspired by the great book Finite Element Methods for Flow Problems writen by Jean Donea and Antonio Huerta.

Let's define the canonical basis:$$\mathbf{e_1}=(1,0)^T,\;\mathbf{e_2}=(0,1)^T.$$ Then, the solution can be discretized as:$$\mathbf{u^h}=\sum_{i=1}^{2}u_i^h(\mathbf{x})\mathbf{e_i}=\sum_{i=1}^{2}\sum_{j=1}^{N}u_{ij}\phi_j(\mathbf{x})\mathbf{e_i},$$ where $N$ is the number of nodes in the discretization and $u_{ij}$ is the approximation of the solution for the node $j$ in dimension $i$ (not spatial dimension but the dimension of the vector valued function output).

So, the system to solve for the problem $$\int_{\Omega}\nabla\mathbf{u}:\nabla\mathbf{v}=\int_{\Omega}\mathbf{fv}\Rightarrow a(\mathbf{u},\mathbf{v})=l(\mathbf{v})$$is: $$\sum_{i=1}^{2}\sum_{j=1}^{N}u_{ij}\;a(\phi_j\mathbf{e_i},\phi_s\mathbf{e_c}) = l(\phi_s\mathbf{e_c}),$$ and there are $N\times 2$ equations, that is, and equation for each $e$ and $s$ where $s=1,...,N$ and $c=1,2$.

I would like to say that @MSEoris was right about saying that the problem itself has no physical sense however I asked the question having in mind a Stokes problem and in order to summarize it I only wrote the laplacian part.