Describe all odd primes p for which 7 is a quadratic residue

Question

I need to describe all odd primes $p$ for which $7$ is a quadratic residue.

Now let $\left(\frac{a}{b}\right)$ be the Legendre Symbol.

Then if $7$ is a quadratic residue $p$ we must have: $$1=\left(\frac{7}{p}\right)=(-1)^{\frac{3(p-1)}{2}} \left(\frac{p}{7}\right)$$ Here I have used Gauss theorem on Quadratic Reciprocity.

This implies that $\left(\frac{p}{7}\right)=1$ and $(-1)^{\frac{3(p-1)}{2}} = 1$, or $\left(\frac{p}{7}\right)=-1$ and $(-1)^{\frac{3(p-1)}{2}} = -1$.

HOWEVER at this step in the solutions, we are given that:

$\left(\frac{p}{7}\right)=1$ and $p\equiv 1\bmod 4$

OR $\left(\frac{p}{7}\right)=-1$ and $p\equiv -1\bmod 4$

Why is this equivalent? So what I am basically asking is the following:
Why is $(-1)^{\frac{3(p-1)}{2}} = 1$ equivalent to $p\equiv 1\bmod 4$?
And $(-1)^{\frac{3(p-1)}{2}} = -1$ equivalent to $p\equiv -1\bmod 4$?

Answer 1

$$(-1)^n\equiv\begin{cases} \hphantom{-}1 & \text{if }n\equiv 0\bmod 2\\ -1 & \text{if }n\equiv 1\bmod 2 \end{cases}$$ Since $p$ is odd, we know that $p-1$ is even, so $\frac{p-1}{2}$ is an integer.

By definition, $\frac{p-1}{2}\equiv 0\bmod 2$ if and only if $\frac{p-1}{2}=2x$ for some integer $x$, which is equivalent to saying $p=4x+1$ for some integer $x$, which by definition is equivalent to $p\equiv 1\bmod 4$.

Similarly, $\frac{p-1}{2}\equiv 1\bmod 2\iff p\equiv 3\bmod 4$.

Now observe that $$(-1)^{\tfrac{3(p-1)}{2}}=\left((-1)^3\right)^{\tfrac{p-1}{2}}=(-1)^{\tfrac{p-1}{2}}=\begin{cases} \hphantom{-}1 & \text{if }\frac{p-1}{2}\equiv 0\bmod 2\\ -1 & \text{if }\frac{p-1}{2}\equiv 1\bmod 2 \end{cases}=\begin{cases} \hphantom{-}1 & \text{if }p\equiv 1\bmod 4\\ -1 & \text{if }p\equiv 3\bmod 4 \end{cases}$$

Answer 2

If $p=4k+1$, then $(-1)^{3(p-1)/2}=(-1)^{6k}=1$.

If $p=4k+3$, then $(-1)^{3(p-1)/2}=(-1)^{6k+3}=-1$.

Remark: I prefer to remember Quadratic Reciprocity as saying that $(p/q)=(q/p)$ unless $p$ and $q$ are both of the form $4k+3$, in which case $(p/q)=-(q/p)$.