# Closed form for generating functions [closed]

I'm really not sure how to solve these type of questions could somebody lead me in the right direction?

1. Find a closed form for these generating functions

$$(a)\quad u_n = 3n^2+4n+5 \quad for \quad n=0,1,2,...$$ $$(b) \quad u_n = {n+7 \choose4} \quad for \quad n=0,1,2,...$$

## closed as off-topic by Did, Claude Leibovici, Yiorgos S. Smyrlis, daw, kjetil b halvorsenMay 11 '15 at 10:27

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The trick is usually to use the formula $$\sum_{n=0}^\infty \binom{n+k}{k} x^n = \frac{1}{(1-x)^{k+1}}.$$ You can express $3n^2+4n+5$ as a linear combination of $\binom{n+2}{2},\binom{n+1}{1},\binom{n+0}{0}$, thereby solving part (a).
You can solve part (b) in a similar way, but there is a shortcut. We know what $\sum_{n=0}^\infty \binom{n+4}{4} x^n$ equals to. Notice that $$\sum_{n=0}^\infty \binom{n+7}{4} x^n = \frac{1}{x^3} \sum_{n=0}^\infty \binom{n+7}{4} x^{n+3} = \frac{1}{x^3} \sum_{n=3}^\infty \binom{n+4}{4} x^n = \frac{1}{x^3} \left[ \sum_{n=0}^\infty \binom{n+4}{4} x^n - \sum_{n=0}^2 \binom{n+4}{4} x^n \right].$$
• The first equality is just multiplying and dividing by $x^3$. The second is substituting $m = n+3$ and then renaming $m$ to $n$. – Yuval Filmus May 11 '15 at 4:43
The first is the generating function $$\sum_{n=0}^\infty(3\,n^2+4\,n+5)t^n = 3\sum_{n=0}^\infty n^2\,t^n+4\sum_{n=0}^\infty n\,t^n+5\sum_{n=0}^\infty t^n\tag{1}$$ But a bit of calculus and the identity $$\sum_{n=0}^\infty t^n=\frac{1}{1-t}\tag{2}$$ gives us \begin{align*} \sum_{n=0}^\infty n^2\,t^n&=\frac{t(t+1)}{(1-t)^3} & \sum_{n=0}^\infty n\,t^n&=\frac{t}{(1-t)^2}\tag{3} \end{align*} Can you use (2) to prove (3)? Can you plug the identities from (3) into (1) to obtain the answer?