How to change degree of elements in a field I'm working through an assignment and need to write several elements as polyomials of degree <= 2. 

($x^2+1$)($x+1$)

within the field

$\mathbb Z$$_3$[x] / ($x^3 + 2x + 1$)

And am unsure how exactly to go about doing this - could anyone give me some pointers as to what the question is asking me to do?
 A: Divide the polynomial $(x^2+1)(x+1)$ (multiplied out) by the polynomial $x^3+2x+1$, remembering to work with the right field of coefficients. The remainder (or more properly, its equivalence class) is what you want.
How to do the division? Basically like ordinary polynomial division. $x^3+2x+1$ goes into $x^3+x^2+x+1$ (our product) once. Subtract. We get $(x^3+x^2+x+1)-(x^3+2x+1)$, which is $x^2-x$, or equivalently $x^2+2x$.
Another way: In this case, we can take a shortcut, well, maybe not a shortcut, just another way of thinking. The polynomial $x^3+2x+1$ is equivalent to $0$, so $x^3$ is equivalent to $-2x-1$. So $x^3+x^2+x+1$ is equivalent to $(-2x-1)+(x^2+x+1$, which simplifies to $x^2-x$, or, equivalently, $x^2+2x$.
A: Hint $\ $ In $\mathbb Z_3[x]/(x^3 + 2x + 1)$ we have $x^3 = -2x-1.\:$ This may be used as a rewrite rule which, iterated, suffices to reduce all polynomials to equivalent polynomials of degree $2$ or less. Namely, rewrite $x^{3+n}$ to $(-2x-1)\:x^n$ expand, and iterate, till all exponents are $< 3$. This is an equivalent way to calculate the remainder mod $\: x^3+2x+1$.
