Martingale measure I'm stuck with an exercise here. So there's a random walk on the integers with probability 0.5 of going left or right, i.e. $P[X_i=1]=P[X_i=-1]=1/2$ and $S_n=X_1+...+X_n$. for a real number $c$, set
$M_n=e^{cS_n}(\frac{2}{e^c+e^{-c}})$ and show that $M_n$ is a martingale.
What does that mean? Do I have to show that we have a martingale measure, i.e. some risk-neutral probabilities that sum up to 1? Would that be $\sum_{n \in \mathbb{Z}} M_n=1$? I don't see how to apply the definition on this, if I'm even taking the right definition here. Can someone please explain me what I exactly have to do?
 A: Instead of $$M_n = e^{c \cdot S_n} \cdot \left( \frac{2}{e^c+e^{-c}} \right)$$ it should read $$M_n = e^{c \cdot S_n} \cdot \left( \frac{2}{e^c+e^{-c}} \right)^{\color{red}{n}}$$ Otherwise, $(M_n)_n$ is not a martingale (with respect to the natural filtration).
Denote by $\mathcal{F}_n$ the natural filtration, i.e. $\mathcal{F}_n = \sigma(X_1,\ldots,X_n)$.


*

*Obviously, $M_n$ is $\mathcal{F}_n$ measurable for all $n \in \mathbb{N}$ and $M_n \in L^1$.

*For $n \in \mathbb{N}$, we have $$\begin{align} \mathbb{E}(M_n \mid \mathcal{F}_{n-1}) &= \left(\frac{2}{e^c+e^{-c}} \right)^n \cdot e^{c \cdot S_{n-1}} \cdot \mathbb{E}(e^{c \cdot X_n} \mid \mathcal{F}_{n-1}) \\ &=\left(\frac{2}{e^c+e^{-c}} \right)^n  \cdot e^{c \cdot S_{n-1}} \cdot \mathbb{E}(e^{c \cdot X_n}) \tag{1} \end{align}$$ where we used the independence of the random variables in the last step. Moreover, $$\mathbb{E}(e^{c \cdot X_n}) = \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left( e^c + e^{-c} \right) \tag{2}$$ since $X_n \sim \frac{1}{2} (\delta_1+\delta_{-1})$. Thus, $$\mathbb{E}(M_n \mid \mathcal{F}_{n-1}) \stackrel{(1)}{=}\left(\frac{2}{e^c+e^{-c}} \right)^n \cdot e^{c \cdot S_{n-1}} \cdot \mathbb{E}(e^{c \cdot X_n}) \stackrel{(2)}{=} \left(\frac{2}{e^c+e^{-c}} \right)^{n-1} \cdot e^{c \cdot S_{n-1}} = M_{n-1}$$ 

