Adjoint functor to an R-algebra only "remembering" itself as a ring I have been wondering this question while trying to comprehend adjoint functors and the various definitions. If you let 
$$F:\mathbf {R\text - Alg}\to  \mathbf {Ring}$$
be the functor that sends each R-algebra to itself viewed as a ring in $\mathbf {Ring}$ and each R-algebra homomorphism to the same map viewed as a ring homomorphism. Does this functor have a right adjoint? What about a left adjoint? (Does the forgetful functor from $\mathbf {Grp}$ to $\mathbf {Set}$ have a left adjoint?)
I have an intuition for what the functor should do if it did exist. It should take any ring and turn it into the most general R-algebra possible from this. I assume this most general will come as a universal property, but again I'm not sure what this would be.
I asked my professor at the end of the class the other day and he didn't have much time to think about it but suggested it may be 
$$G(A):=R\otimes_{\mathbb Z}A\in Ob_{\mathbf {R\text - Alg}}$$
the functor that sends every ring $A$ to this tensor product viewed as an R-algebra. I don't really see how this is an R-algebra even. Can somebody please help me understand this abstract non-sense. Thanks.
 A: Intuitively, if a functor 'forgets structure' from one category of sets-with-algebraic-structure to another then it will have a left-adjoint; such adjunctions are called 'free-forgetful' adjunctions. Unfortunately $F$ is an unfortunate choice of letter because forgetful functors are usually denoted by $U$ and free functors by $F$, so for your $F$ I'll write $U$ and for your $G$ I'll write $F$.
The forgetful functor $U : \mathsf{Gp} \to \mathsf{Set}$ has a left-adjoint $F : \mathsf{Set} \to \mathsf{Gp}$, where given a set $X$, $FX$ is the free group on the set $X$ of generators.
In the case of $R$-algebras, the forgetful functor $U : R\text{-}\mathsf{Alg} \to \mathsf{Ring}$ will have a left-adjoint $F : \mathsf{Ring} \to R\text{-}\mathsf{Alg}$ sending a ring $A$ to the free $R$-algebra on $A$. That is, $FA$ is an $R$-algebra equipped with a ring map $A \to FA$ ('insertion of generators') such that, given any $R$-algebra $B$ and ring homomorphism $\theta : A \to B$, $\theta$ extends uniquely to an $R$-algebra homomorphism $\widehat{\theta} : FA \to B$.
...and if you check the details, this is precisely $R \otimes_{\mathbb{Z}} A$. The insertion-of-generators map $A \to R \otimes_{\mathbb{Z}} A$ is given by $a \mapsto 1_R \otimes a$, and the $R$-algebra structure is given by $r(s \otimes a) = (rs) \otimes a$.
A: Of course, the algebraic intuition should be the one given by Clive Newstead. However, it might be worth noting that your problem is in fact an instance of something more general.
Take $\mathcal C$ to be a category with pushouts. Denotes ${}_{x \backslash}\!\mathcal C$ the category whose objects are the morphisms $x \to a$ of $\mathcal C$ and whose morphisms are the commutative triangles (see coslice category at nlab for more detail). Then any morphism $f \colon x \to y$ of $\mathcal C$ induces a functor
$$ \begin{aligned} f^\ast \colon {}_{y \backslash}\!\mathcal C &\to {}_{x \backslash}\!\mathcal C, \\(y\to a) &\mapsto (x\stackrel f \to y \to a). \end{aligned} $$
This functor $f^\ast$ has a left adjoint: indeed, the very definition of the pushout gives for any $g \colon x\to a$ and $h\colon y \to b$ a natural isomorphism (draw the diagrams!)
$$ \{ j \colon a \to b \in \mathcal C: h\circ f = j\circ g\} \simeq \{k \colon y\sqcup_x a \to b \in \mathcal C : h = (y \to y\sqcup_x a \stackrel k \to b) \}. $$
But the left-hand side is precisely $\hom_{{}_{x \backslash}\!\mathcal C}(g,f^\ast h)$ and the right-hand side $\hom_{{}_{y \backslash}\!\mathcal C}(y\to y\sqcup_x a,h)$. This means that the functor ${}_{x \backslash}\!\mathcal C \to {}_{y \backslash}\!\mathcal C$ mapping every $x\to a$ to its pushout along $f$ is a left adjoint to $f^\ast$.
Now, apply it to $\mathcal C = \mathsf{Ring}$ with $x=\mathbb Z$ and $y=R$ to obtain the result of your problem.
