# Suppose $R$ is a commutative ring with unity such that $a^2=a$ for $a \in R$. Prove if $I$ is a prime ideal in $R$ then $R/I$ has 2 elements

Suppose $R$ is a commutative ring with unity such that $a^2=a$ for $a \in R$. Prove if $I$ is a prime ideal in $R$ then the number of elements in $R/I$ is $2$

So, I know I have R being idempotent. These 2 elements are 0,1. I want to prove no other such elements can exist. How would I go about proving that, Let a be in R such that a is not equal to o. I'm guessing something about I being prime is of use at this point but not seeing a connection

• I also know that R/I is an integral domain because I is a prime ideal – Nicole Mar 14 '15 at 18:40

Lemma: Let $A$ be a ring in which every element satisfies $x^n = x$ for some $n > 1$ (depending on $x$) then every prime ideal in $A$ is maximal.

Proof: Let $\mathfrak p$ be a prime ideal in $A$ and consider $A / \mathfrak p$.It follows that $A / \mathfrak p$ is an integral domain. Let $\overline 0 \neq \overline x \in A / \mathfrak p$. Since $x \in A$, by hypothesis there exists $n \geq 2$ such that $x^n = x$ or equivalently $x(x^{n - 1} - 1) = 0$. Observe that $\overline {x(x^{n - 1} - 1)} = \overline x \cdot \overline {x^{n - 1} - 1} = \overline 0$. Since $A / \mathfrak p$ is an integral domain, either $\overline x = \overline 0$ or $\overline {x^{n - 1} - 1} = \overline 0$. By assumption $\overline x \neq \overline 0$, so we must have $\overline {x^{n - 1} - 1} = \overline 0$, or equivalently $\overline {x^{n - 1}} = \overline 1$. But notice that $x^{n - 1} = x \cdot x^{n - 2}$ which means that $\overline x \cdot \overline {x^{n - 2}} = \overline 1$. Choose $\overline y = \overline {x^{n - 2}}$ gives us $\overline x \overline y = \overline 1$ which means that $A / \mathfrak p$ is a field. Hence we can conclude that $\mathfrak p$ is a maximal ideal.

Let $A$ be a ring such that $x^2 = x$ for all $x \in A$.

Claim: Every prime ideal $\mathfrak p$ is maximal, and $A / \mathfrak p$ is a field with two elements;

Proof: Let $\mathfrak p$ be a prime ideal in $A$. By the lemma, $\mathfrak p$ is maximal and hence $A / \mathfrak p$ is a field. Let $\overline x \in A / \mathfrak p$ if $\overline x = \overline 0$, then we're done, so suppose $\overline x \neq \overline 0$. Since $x^2 = x$, we have $x(x - 1) = 0$ which means $\overline x \cdot \overline{x - 1} = \overline 0$. Since $\overline x \neq \overline 0$, it must be that $\overline{x - 1} = \overline 0$ which means $\overline x = \overline 1$. Conclude that $A / \mathfrak p$ is the field consisting of only two elements: the zero element and the identity element.

The above proof shows you more than you need. Here would be a nice direct proof just showing that $A/ \mathfrak p$ has two elements:

Let $\mathfrak p$ be a prime ideal in $A$, hence $A / \mathfrak p$ is an integral domain. Let $\overline x \in A/ \mathfrak p$. If $\overline x = 0$, then we're done, so suppose $\overline x \neq 0$. Since $x^2 = x$, we have $x(x - 1) = 0$ which means $\overline x \cdot \overline{x - 1} = \overline 0$. Since $\overline x \neq \overline 0$, it must be that $\overline{x - 1} = \overline 0$ which means $\overline x = \overline 1$. Conclude that $A / \mathfrak p$ consists of only two elements: the zero element and the identity element.

• Oh cool thanks I noticed I didn't read al of the first lemma before asking, thank you very much! – Nicole Mar 14 '15 at 18:50
• @Nicole, I'd like to note that I've added much more detail than is necessary. All you wanted to show was that $A/\mathfrak p$ had two elements. mcmat23's answer is much more to the point. – Robert Cardona Mar 14 '15 at 18:53
• thanks I appreciate it I needed all those details filled in. Sorry I have never heard the term Boolean ring in my class we never referred to it as that – Nicole Mar 14 '15 at 18:55
• Very well done indeed. I especially liked the first part. Plus One! – Robert Lewis Mar 14 '15 at 19:36

Hint Since $I$ is prime, $R/I$ is an integral domain.

Now, since every element in $R$ is idempotent, every element in $R/I$ is idempotent.

Prove that in an integral domain with unity, the only idempotents are $0$ and $1$.