Assuming that you know that a monotone, bounded sequence converges, you want to do two things. First, show that $\langle x_n:n\in\mathbb{Z}^+\rangle$ is monotone and bounded, and then show that its limit is the positive root of $x^2-x-c=0$.
If $c=x_1=1$, $x_2=\sqrt2>x_1$, while if $c=1$ and $x_1=2$, $x_2=\sqrt3<x_1$, so if the sequence is monotonic, the direction in which it’s monotonic must depend on $c$ and $x_1$. A good first step would be to try to figure out how this dependence works.
The positive root of the quadratic is $\frac12(1+\sqrt{1+4c})$, which I’ll denote by $r$. If $x_n\to r$, as claimed, and does so monotonically, it must be the case that the sequence increases monotonically if $x_1<r$ and decreases monotonically if $x_1>r$. In the examples in the last paragraph, $r=\frac12(1+\sqrt5)\approx 1.618$, so they behave as predicted.
This suggests that your first step should be to show that if $x_n<r$, then $x_n<x_{n+1}<r$, while if $x_n>r$, $x_n>x_{n+1}>r$; that would be enough to show that $\langle x_n:n\in\mathbb{Z}^+\rangle$ is both monotone and bounded and hence that it has a limit.
Suppose that $0\le x_n<r$; you can easily check that $x_n^2-x_n-c<0$, i.e., that $x_n^2<x_n+c$. On the other hand, $x_{n+1}^2=c+x_n$, so $x_{n+1}^2>x_n^2$, and therefore $x_{n+1}>x_n$. Is it possible that $x_{n+1}\ge r$? That would require that $x_{n+1}^2-x_{n+1}-c\ge 0$ (why?) and hence that $$x_{n+1}^2\ge x_{n+1}+c>x_n+c=x_{n+1}^2\;,$$ which is clearly impossible. Thus, if $0\le x_n<r$, we must have $x_n<x_{n+1}<r$, as desired. I leave the case $x_n>r$ to you.
Once this is done, you still have to show that the limit of the sequence really is $r$. Let $f(x)=\sqrt{c+x}$; clearly $f$ is continuous, so if the sequence converges to $L$, we have $$L=\lim_{n\to\infty}x_n=\lim_{n\to\infty}x_{n+1}=\lim_{n\to\infty}f(x_n)=f(L)\;,$$ and from there it’s trivial to check that $L=r$.
Added: Note that although the problem gave us $x_1>0$, this isn’t actually necessary: all that’s needed is that $x_1\ge -c$, so that $x_2$ is defined, since $x_2=\sqrt{c+x_1}\ge 0$ automatically.