My question is:
If $A$ and $B$ are two Hermitian matrices, and $AB$ is also a Hermitian matrix, then how do prove that both $A$ and $B$ are diagonalizable through the same unitary matrix (i.e the unitary matrix that diagonalizes $A$, diagonalizes $B$ as well).
It is obvious that in order for $AB$ to be Hermitian, $A$ and $B$ have to commute, i.e: $AB=BA$. Can anyone tell me how to prove that the same unitary matrix that diagonalizes $A$, diagonalizes $B$ as well?
The orthogonal projections on eigenspaces of $A$ and of $B$ can be written as polynomials in $A$ and $B$ respectively, so they commute with each other and with $A$ and $B$. The nonzero products of an orthogonal eigenspace projection for $A$ and an eigenspace projection for $B$ are orthogonal projections on subspaces of ${\mathbb C}^n$ where $A$ and $B$ both act as multiples of the identity matrix. Take an orthonormal basis whose members are all in those subspaces, and the matrices for $A$ and $B$ in that basis will both be diagonal.
It may be useful to realize that the question/assertion can be reformulated (noting @Jason DeVito's comment) as that there is an orthogonal basis of simultaneous eigenvectors for two commuting self-adjoint (=hermitian) operators $S,T$ on a finite-dimensional space. This is a standard consequence of the fact that $S$ preserves the eigenspaces of $T$ (although not necessarily subspaces of the eigenspaces).
