Proof for de Moivre's Formula I have a book that has a brief history of the complex numbers and it covers de Moivre's formula:
$(\cos(x) + i\sin(x))^n = \cos(nx) + i\sin(nx)$.
I am very curious as to how this result was originally found, or derived, BEFORE Euler's formula was around. Also, what was the original proof of this?
 A: Euler was the first to write down de Moirve's formula which I found in The Elementary Mathematical Works of Leonhard Euler starting on page 29. Euler found
$$
(\cos(x)\pm i\sin(x))(\cos(y)\pm i\sin(y))(\cos(z)\pm i\sin(z)) = \cos(x \pm y \pm z)\pm i\sin(x\pm y\pm z)
$$ 
from here he deduce what we call de Moirve's theorem
$$
(\cos(x)\pm i\sin(x))^n = \cos(nx)\pm i\sin(nx)
$$
Then it follows that
\begin{align}
\cos(nx) &= 1/2[(\cos(x)+ i\sin(x))^n+(\cos(x) - i\sin(x))^n]\tag{1}\\
\sin(nx) &= 1/2[(\cos(x)+ i\sin(x))^n-(\cos(x) - i\sin(x))^n]\tag{2}
\end{align}
Euler than expanded equations $(1)$ and $(2)$ by the binomial theorem. He then let $x$ be a small angle approximation and $n$ be infinitely large so that $xn$ was finite. Let $xn=v$. Then $\sin(x) = x = v/n$ and we get 
\begin{align}
\cos(v) &= 1 - \frac{v^2}{2!} + \cdots\\
\sin(v) &= v - \frac{v^3}{3!} + \cdots
\end{align}
Using equations $(1)$ and $(2)$ and letting $j = n$ be the infinitely large number so that $jx=v$ so that $nx = v = v/j$. Now we have $\sin(x) = v/j$ and $\cos(x)=1$. With these substitutions, we get
\begin{align}
\cos(v) &=\frac{(1+iv/j)^j+(1-iv/j)^j}{2}\\
\sin(v) &=\frac{(1+iv/j)^j-(1-iv/j)^j}{2i}
\end{align}
In the linked document, the author who compiled the document (Euler) previously has shown that $(1+z/j)^j = e^z$. Letting $z=\pm iv$, we get
\begin{align}
e^{iv} &= \cos(v) + i\sin(v)\\
e^{-iv} &= \cos(v) - i\sin(v)
\end{align}
