Intuition for partial averaging eqution I just learnt about the condition expectation and as is known, the definition is as follows: 
My question is for the second property (partial averaging property), what kind of intuition does it express? How can I understand in a more perceptual way. Thanks so much!
 A: Well, for $A$ with positive probability, we can define $\frac{1}{P(A)}\int \limits_{A} X\,dP$ as the partial average of $X$ given that the event $A$ occurs.  In other words, this quantity is our best guess for the value of $X$ if all we know is that the event $A$ has occurred.
The partial averaging property you listed is equivalent to:
$$\begin{cases} \frac{1}{P(A)}\int \limits_{A} E[X|\mathcal{G}]\,dP = \frac{1}{P(A)}\int \limits_{A} X\,dP & P(A) \neq 0 \\ \int \limits_{A} E[X|\mathcal{G}]\,dP = \int \limits_{A} X\,dP = 0 & P(A) = 0 \end{cases}.$$
Note that the second line (over probability $0$ events) is trivial.  For any random variables $X$ and $Y$, if $P(A) =0$, $\int_{A} X \,dP = \int_{A} Y \,dP$, since both the left hand side and right hand side equal $0$.  So, we are really interested in the first equation which is over non-zero probability events.  All I'm trying to say is that the following statements are equivalent:
$$(S1) \,\,\,\,\,\, \frac{1}{P(A)}\int \limits_{A} E[X|\mathcal{G}]\,dP = \frac{1}{P(A)}\int \limits_{A} X\,dP \text{ for all events } A \text{ with } P(A) \neq 0$$
and
$$(S2) \,\,\,\,\,\,\int \limits_{A} E[X|\mathcal{G}]\,dP = \int \limits_{A} X\,dP \text{ for all events } A.$$
The latter ($S2$) is typically taken as the axiom defining conditional expectation, but the former ($S1$) is the one where the intuition/interpretation comes into play.  With the idea that $\frac{1}{P(A)} \int_{A} Y \,dP$ is our best guess for the random variable $Y$ over the event $A$ (i.e., given the event $A$ occurs), we can interpret the "intuitively nice" form ($S1$) from above as:
The conditional expectation of $X$ over the collection of events $\mathcal{G}$ is our best guess of the value $X$ given the information in $\mathcal{G}$, and so should be the random variable for which our best guess of it, given any piece of information in $\mathcal{G}$ (i.e., given any event $A \in \mathcal{G}$), equals our best guess of $X$ given that same piece of $\mathcal{G}$-information.  Keep reading this because I did in fact talk about the best guess of a best guess, which can take some getting used to.  The important point is that the best guess of a random variable given information in a $\sigma$-algebra is itself a random variable, so it makes sense to talk about the best guess of the best guess.
It can easily be proved from this that there is a unique $\mathcal{G}$-measurable function such that the partial averaging property holds (and intuitively it's clear that there should only be one best guess of a random variable -- if there were more than one, then they can't both be the "best").  So, that tells us there is a unique random variable the value of which is known from the information in $\mathcal{G}$ and which has the same best guess over each piece of information in $\mathcal{G}$ as the random variable $X$.
A: The "full average" is:
$$\int_{\Omega} X dP,$$ 
Since $A\subset \Omega$, if we define a monotonically increasing sequence of $A_n$, such that $A_n\to \Omega$ and $A_0=A$, then:
$$\lim_{A_n\to\Omega}\int_{A_n} X dP= \int_{\Omega} X dP,$$ 
So its "partially" towards the average. The more intuitive discrete analog is when you create a weighted sum $\sum w_ix_i$, but $0\leq\sum w_i<1$. Its not really an average, because you have not corrected for the weights, but it will approach the true average as you include the rest of the possible values of $X$.
A: I realise that this answer comes quite late but maybe this helps:
This property
$$\int_A E[X |\mathcal{G}] dP = \int_A X dP$$
can be rewritten as
$$E[1_AE[X |\mathcal{G}]]= E[1_A X]$$
where for $A=\Omega$ we have the standard rule for iterated expectations
$$E[E[X |\mathcal{G}]]= E[X]$$
A: Let $A$ have the following elements in it $(w_1,w_2,w_3)$
$E[X|G]$ is a random variable measurable in $G$.
In simplest terms, for a set $A$ in $G$, you know the value of
$$E[X|G] = \frac{ X(w_1) * P(w_1) + X(w_2) * P(w_2) + X(w_3) * P(w_3)}{ P(w_1) + P(w_2) + P(w_3)}$$
i.e., expected value of $X$ , given $A$ event has occurred is product of $X(w)*P(w) $, divided by $P~$ ($~A$ event happening)
Now integral of this $E[X|G]$ which has one value for set $A$, over $A$ is :
$$4~\frac{ X(w_1) * P(w_1) + X(w_2) * P(w_2) + X(w_3) * P(w_3) } { (P(w_1) + P(w_2) + P(w_3)) * (P(w_1) + P(w_2) + P(w_3))}$$
which is nothing but 
$$X(w_1) * P(w_1) + X(w_2) * P(w_2) + X(w_3) * P(w_3)$$
