Can every curve on a Riemannian manifold be interpreted as a geodesic of a given metric? Given a metric $g_{\mu\nu}$ it is possible to find the equations of the geodesic on the Riemannian manifold $M$ defined by the metric itself:
$$\frac{d^2x^a}{ds^2} + \Gamma^{a}_{bc}\frac{dx^b}{ds}\frac{dx^c}{ds} = 0$$ 
where:
$$\Gamma^a_{bc} = \frac{1}{2} g^{ad} \left( g_{cd,b} + g_{bd,c} - g_{bc,d} \right)$$ are the Christoffel symbols and $$g_{ab,c} = \frac{\partial {g_{ab}}}{\partial {x^c}}$$
Now, given a parametric equation of a curve, is it possible to find the metric of a Riemannian manifold which gives that curve as a geodesic? If the answer is 'Yes', is there a bijective correspondence between the curve and the metric? Or are there many metrics giving the same geodesic?
Thanks in advance.
 A: I'm not sure what happens for general curves, but I think I can prove the following:

Let $\gamma:[0,1]\rightarrow M$ be any injective curve segement.  Then there is a Riemannian metric for which $\gamma$ is a geodesic.  If instead $\gamma$ is a simple closed curve and $\gamma'(0) = \gamma'(1)$, the conclusion still holds.

I'm not sure what happens in the other cases.
Here's the idea of the proof in the (slightly harder) second case:
Pick a background Riemannian metric once and for all.  The normal bundle of $\gamma$ embeds into $M$ via the exponential map (for a suitably short time).  Call the image of this embedding $W$.  Choose an open set $V$ with the property that $V\subseteq \overline{V}\subseteq W$ and let $U = M-\overline{V}$.  Notice that $W\cup U = M$, so we can find partition of unity $\{\lambda_U,\lambda_W\}$ subordinate to $\{U,W\}$.
Now, the classification of vector bundles over circles is easy:  There are precisely 2 of any rank - the trivial bundle of rank $k$ and the Möbius bundle + trivial bundle of rank $k-1$.  The point is that both of these have (flat) metrics where the $0$ section ($\gamma$) is a geodesic.
Since $W$ is diffeomorphic to a vector bundle over the circle, we can assume it has a metric $g_W$ for which $\gamma$ is a geodesic.  Now, pick any Riemannian metric $g_U$ on $U$.  Finally, define the metric $g_M$ on $M$ by $\lambda_W g_W + \lambda_U g_U$.  This is a convex sum of metrics, and hence is a metric.  Near $\gamma$, $\lambda_U \equiv 0$ and $\lambda_W\equiv 1$, so the metric near $\gamma$ looks just like $g_W$, so $\gamma$ is a geodesic in $M$.
A: I expect that if $M$ is a (connected!) differentiable manifold and $\gamma_1, \gamma_2: S^1 \rightarrow M$ are any two smooth embeddings, there is a diffeomorphism $\Phi: M \rightarrow M$ such that $\gamma_2 = \Phi \circ \gamma_1$.  If so, this gives a positive answer to your question restricted to smoothly embedded loops.  And something similar should work for smooth embeddings of $\mathbb{R}$ with closed image.  
Added: The above is certainly not generally valid: I seem to have forgotten about the fundamental group.  It seems like it might still have a chance to hold in the simply connected case.  (Also, in the case of surfaces, if you take a metric of constant curvature, I seem to recall that every homotopy class has a unique geodesic representative, so this obstruction is not a problem at least in that case.)
As for the second question: of course there are going to be many Riemannian metrics than geodesic curves: changing the metric in an open set bounded away from the geodesic will certainly not disturb that curve's being a geodesic.  As for changes of metric which preserve all geodesic curves rather than just a given one, that's a more interesting question, but at least you can uniformly rescale the metric without affecting any of the geodesics.   
A: $$
\text{These are the geodesics: $\gamma_{a,b}$.}
$$
Let $M$ be normed-space with norm $||\cdot||$.
Fix $\gamma:[0,1]\times M \times M \to M$ continuous in the norm topology. Let $\gamma_{a,b}: [0,1] \to M$ be defined by $\gamma_{a,b}=\gamma(a,b,\cdot)$.
Define
$$
l_{a,b}(\Gamma) = \int_0^1 |\Gamma(t) - \gamma_{a,b}(t)|\, dt + \int_0^1 |\gamma_{a,b}(t)|\, dt,\\ 
\text{where } \Gamma \in C_{a,b} = [\text{Continuous } \Gamma:[0,1]\to M \text{ such that } \Gamma(0) = a, \Gamma(1) = b] \quad(a,b\in M).
$$
Define
$$
d(a,b) = \inf_{\Gamma \in C_{a,b}} l_{a,b}(\Gamma) \quad (a,b \in M).
$$
Define
$$
\text{len}(\Gamma) = \inf_{P \sqsubset [0,1]} \sum d(\Gamma(x_{n+1}),\Gamma(x_{n})) \quad (\Gamma\in C). \quad (\text{This is Just notation.})
$$
$$
\text{These are the geodesics: $\gamma_{a,b}$.}
$$
Remark. $l_{a,b}(\Gamma)$ is not the length of $\Gamma$. The definition of $\text{len}(\Gamma)$ includes a term account for the distance between $x_{n}$ and $x_{n+1}$. As stated, the right side is Just notation.
Extreme Competence Assumed.
