$\mathbb Z = A \sqcup B$ with conditions on the sums implies $A = \{\text{evens}\}$ For any subsets of $\mathbb{Z}$ named $X,Y$, we define $+$ operation as below:
$$X+Y = \{z \in \mathbb{Z}\mid z=x+y \:\text{ for some } x \in X, y \in Y\}.$$ Suppose that $\mathbb{Z}= A \cup B$ where $A$ and $B$ are disjoint, $0 \in A$, and $B$ is a nonempty set. Also suppose that $A+A$, $A+B$ and $B+B$ are each equal to either $A$ or $B$. Can you get the conclusion that $A$ must be set of all even integers and $B$ must be the set of all odd integers?
 A: Yes.  Since $0\in A$, we have $A\subseteq A+A$ and $B\subseteq A+B$, so it follows that $A+A=A$ and $A+B=B$.  Let $x$ be an element of $A$.  If $-x$ were in $B$, then we would have $0=x+(-x)\in x+B\subseteq A+ B=B$ which contradicts $0\in A$ and $A\cap B=\emptyset$. Thus $-x$ must be in $A$.  
Since $A$ is a nonempty subset of $\mathbb Z$ that is closed under addition and additive inverses, $A$ is a subgroup of $\mathbb Z$.  Therefore $A=k\mathbb Z$ for some $k\geq0$. We can rule out $k=0$, because if $B=\mathbb Z\setminus\{0\}$, then $B+B=\mathbb Z$.  We can rule out $k=1$, because $B$ is nonempty. Finally, we can rule out $k>2$, because if that were the case, $1+1$ would be in $B+B$ and in $B$, while $1-1$ would be in $B+B$ and in $A$, contradicting the hypothesis that $B+B$ is one of $A$ or $B$.
Therefore $A=2\mathbb Z$ is the set of even numbers, and $B=\mathbb Z\setminus 2\mathbb Z=1+(2\mathbb Z)$ is the set of odd numbers.

Here is an alternative to the approach in the second paragraph, not referring to groups.  Picking up from the first paragraph, so far we know that $A+A=A$, $A+B=B$, $-A=A$.  We can see similarly that $-B=B$ (if $x$ were in $B$ with $-x\in A$, we would have $0=x-x\in A+B=B$ again).  Since $B$ is nonempty, there exists $x\in B$, and therefore $0=x-x\in B+B$.  This implies that $B+B=A$.  
If $1$ were in $A$, then using $A+A=A$ and induction we would have all positive integers in $A$, and using $-A=A$ we would have all the rest.  Since $B$ is nonempty, this is impossible, so $1$ is in $B$.  Thus $2=1+1\in B+B=A$.  Using $A+A=A$ and induction, all positive even integers are in $A$, and using $-A=A$ we get all the rest.  So $2\mathbb Z\subseteq A$.  Therefore $B=A+B\supseteq (2\mathbb Z)+1$, which is the set of odd numbers.  Since $A$ contains all even numbers and $B$ contains all odd numbers, we in fact have $A=2\mathbb Z$ and $B=1+(2\mathbb Z)$.
(Actually, this second approach seems somewhat similar to the approach in a now deleted answer.)
