Modulo: Calculating without calculator?? Calculate the modulo operations given below (without the usage of a calculator):
$101 \times 98 \mod 17 =$
$7^5 \mod 15 =$
$12^8 \mod 7 =$
$3524 \mod 63 =$ 
$−3524 \mod 63 =$
Ok with calculator I have no problem with it. However, I need to learn how can I compute them without calculator.
 A: Hint for the first one: $$101 \times 98 \mod 17 = (101 \mod 17) \times (98 \mod 17)$$
$$ = (16 \times 13) \mod 17$$
Similarly, for the third one, it can be simplified by turning $$12^8 \mod 7 =$$ 
The base has a residue of 5, and only multiplies with itself, so we only need the residue. As for the power, because its mod 7, we know that the answer has 6 possibilities (because its prime, it can be 0). It will cycle through these, in at most 6 steps, so we can remove the seven to simplify it. So, we subtract 6 from 8, and get $$=5^2 \mod 7$$ $$=25 \mod 7$$
A: By definition of modular arithmetic, $3524 \pmod{63}$ is the remainder when $3524$ is divided by $63$.
To find $-3524 \pmod{63}$, multiply your answer for $3524 \pmod{63}$ by $-1$.  If you want a positive residue, add $63$ to this result.  
For the product $101 \cdot 98 \mod{17}$, use the theorem that if $a \equiv b \pmod{n}$ and $c \equiv d \pmod{n}$, then $ac \equiv bd \pmod{n}$.  
Since $101 = 5 \cdot 17 + 1$, $101 \equiv 16 \pmod{17}$.  Since $98 = 5 \cdot 17 + 13$, $98 \equiv 13 \pmod{17}$.  Thus,
$$101 \cdot 98 \equiv 16 \cdot 13 \equiv 208 \equiv 4 \pmod{17}$$
since $208 = 12 \cdot 17 + 4$.  
However, you can simplify the calculations further if you use residues with absolute value at most $n/2$.  
Since $101 = 6 \cdot 17 - 1$, $101 \equiv -1 \pmod{17}$.  Since $98 = 6 \cdot 17 - 4$, $98 \equiv -4 \pmod{17}$.  Thus,
$$101 \cdot 98 \equiv -1 \cdot -4 \equiv 4 \pmod{17}$$
which agrees with our previous result.
For $12^8 \pmod{7}$, observe that $12 \equiv 5 \pmod{7}$, so $12^8 \equiv 5^8 \pmod{7}$.  
If $p$ is a prime modulus and $k \neq 0$, then $k^{p - 1} \equiv 1 \pmod{p}$.  Hence, $5^6 \equiv 1 \pmod{7}$, so
$$12^8 \equiv 5^8 \equiv 5^65^2 \equiv 5^2 \equiv 4 \pmod{7}$$
For $7^5 \pmod{15}$, reduce modulo $15$ after you calculate each power.  For instance, 
$$7^2 \equiv 49 \equiv 4 \pmod{15}$$
so 
$$7^3 \equiv 7 \cdot 7^2 \equiv 7 \cdot 4 \equiv 28 \equiv -2 \pmod{15}$$
Since you know the residues of $7^2 \pmod{15}$ and $7^3 \pmod{15}$, you can multiply their residues to find the residue of $7^5 = 7^2 \cdot 7^3$ modulo $15$.  If you want a positive residue, add a suitable multiple of $15$.
A: Start by learning Fermat's little theorem, then move to the generalized version with Euler's totient function. After that, learn the Chinese remainder theorem.
