What is $\mathbb{F}_7[X]$? I do not understand what sets like these are. I know what something like $\mathbb{Z}_7$ is. It is the ring of integers modulo 7 so it is equal to ${0,1,2,3,4,5,6}$. But what is $\mathbb{F}_7[X]$ equal to. I don't understand. I have spent ages searching on the internet but can't find anything on it. All I know is that it has 7 elements but I just want to see a clear definition of it.
 A: Well, you know what the ring $\mathbb{Z}_{n}$ is for any integer $n$.  It turns out that if $n$ is a prime number (like $2$, $3$, $5$, $7$, etc.) (when $n$ is prime, it is usually replaced with the letter $p$) then $\mathbb{Z}_{p}$ is actually a field!  It's not just a ring, but it also has a multiplicative identity (if your definition of ring doesn't already come with this assumption), no zero divisors, and every nonzero element has a multiplicative inverse.
Usually, people write $\mathbb{F}_{p}$ instead of $\mathbb{Z}_{p}$ since this is a field.  Somehow, calling it $\mathbb{F}_{p}$ reminds us that it is the field of order $p$.
Now, what happens when we "adjoin $X$" to this field? That is, what is $\mathbb{F}_{p}[X]$?  It is simply the set $\{a_{0} + a_{1}X + a_{2}X^{2} + \dots + a_{n}X^{n} \mid a_{i} \in \mathbb{F}_{p}, n \in \mathbb{N} \}$.  In other words, $\mathbb{F}_{p}[X]$ is the set of polynomials whose coefficients come from $\mathbb{F}_{p}$.
So, for example, we know $\mathbb{F}_{7} = \mathbb{Z}_{7} = \{ [0], [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6] \}$.  Then some elements in $\mathbb{F}_{7}[X]$ are:
1) $[1] + [3]X^{2} + [5]X^{9}$
2) $[6]X^{2} + [4]X^{3}$
3) $[5]$ (a constant polynomial)
Any polynomial you can think of (remember that polynomials have finite degree, i.e., a finite highest power of $X$) with coefficients in $\mathbb{F}_{7}$ is in $\mathbb{F}_{7}[X]$.
$\mathbb{F}_{7}[X]$ is called the ring of polynomials with coefficients in $\mathbb{F}_{7}$, and this is actually a ring with the addition and multiplication you expect between two polynomials.
A: $\mathbf{F}_7$ is the finite field with seven elements. Since $7$ is prime, it's isomorphic to the ring $\mathbf{Z}_7$.
If $R$ is a ring, then $R[X]$ is the ring of all polynomials in the indeterminate $X$ whose coefficients are elements in $R$. 
