Is there any irreducible polynomial over $\mathbb{Q}$ whose Galois group is $S_4$? As simple as that: Can we find an irreducible polynomial in $\mathbb{Q}$ such that, if $K$ is its splitting field over $\mathbb{Q}$, $\operatorname{Gal}(K|\mathbb{Q})\cong S_4$?
I've thought a lot and I have not reached any. Can you give me a hand please? 
 A: Consider the polynomial
$$
p(x) \;=\; x^4 - 6x^2 +16x - 3
$$
whose roots are
$$
-\sqrt{1+\sqrt[3]{3}} \,\pm\, \sqrt{2-\sqrt[3]{3}+\frac{4}{\sqrt{1+\sqrt[3]{3}}}},\qquad
\sqrt{1+\sqrt[3]{3}} \,\pm\, i\sqrt{-2+\sqrt[3]{3}+\frac{4}{\sqrt{1+\sqrt[3]{3}}}}.
$$
It should come as no surprise that $p$ is irreducible. Indeed, since $\sqrt{1+\sqrt[3]{3}}$ and hence $\sqrt[3]{3}$ lies in the splitting field of $p$, the degree of the splitting field is a multiple of $3$, so $p$ does not factor into quadratics over $\mathbb{Q}$.
Since $p$ is irreducible, the Galois group acts transitively on the roots, so the only possibilities are $V$, $\mathbb{Z}_4$, $D_4$, $A_4$, and $S_4$.  Since the degree of the extension is a multiple of $3$, it must be either $A_4$ or $S_4$.  But complex conjugation is an automorphism of the splitting field that acts as a transposition of the two complex roots, and therefore the Galois group is $S_4$.
In some sense, this example is fairly typical, if somewhat simpler than usual.  Any irreducible quartic with two real and two complex roots has a transposition in its Galois group from complex conjugation, which means that the Galois group is either $D_4$ or $S_4$.  Those with Galois group $S_4$ also have the roots of some irreducible cubic in their splitting field -- in this case the cubic $x^3 - 3$.
A: Following @user64687's hint in the comments,
thus according to Keith Conrad's notes,
a degree-$4$ polynomial from $K[X]$, where $K$ is a field with $\operatorname{char}K\not\in\{2,3\}$,
has Galois group $S_4$ if


*

*it is irreducible over $K$
(thus its Galois group has order divisible by $4$), and

*its resolvent cubic
is irreducible over $K$
(thus the Galois group has order divisible by $3$), and

*its discriminant
is not a square in $K$ (thus the Galois group is not a subgroup of $A_4$).


In example 3.2, Keith Conrad shows that the Galois group of
$f(X) = X^4 - X - 1$ over $\mathbb{Q}$ is $S_4$.
Let me demonstrate the very similar case
$$f(X) = X^4 + X + 1$$
instead.
Since $f(X) - (X^{2^2}-X) = 1$ in $\mathbb{F}_2[X]$,
$f(X)$ is coprime to every irreducible polynomial over $\mathbb{F}_2$
of degree dividing $2$, this implies that $f(X)$ is irreducible $\bmod{2}$,
thus $f(X)$ is irreducible over $\mathbb{Q}$.
Therefore its Galois group has order divisible by $4$.
$f(X)$ has the resolvent cubic
$$g(X) = X^3 - 4 X - 1$$
which, by its low degree and the rational root theorem,
would need to have an integer root dividing $1$ if it were reducible
over $\mathbb{Q}$, but it hasn't, so $g(X)$ is irreducible over $\mathbb{Q}$.
The extension degree of the splitting field of $g(X)$ over $\mathbb{Q}$
is therefore divisible by $3$.
By construction of the resolvent cubic,
the splitting field of $g(X)$ is contained in the splitting field of $f(X)$,
so the order of the Galois group of $f(X)$ must be divisible by $3$.
Again by construction, the discriminant of $f(X)$
equals the discriminant of $g(X)$, which is
$$\Delta=229$$
and is thus easily recognizable as a nonsquare in $\mathbb{Q}$.
In particular, it's congruent to the nonsquare $5\pmod{8}$.
Summarizing the above results, the Galois group of $f(X)$ has order
divisible by $3$ and $4$, yet is not a subgroup of $A_4$.
This leaves $S_4$ as only possible Galois group for $f(X)$.
If you are looking for a quartic polynomial with only real roots,
see here;
the argumentation there is almost the same.
