What is cos and sin ACTUALLY doing? I am having the hardest time figuring out what sin and cos are doing when you enter in calculator. 
What I do understand about them
1) They are both essentially finding the max and min values for their respective axis. cos being x and sine being y. 
-this makes PERFECT sense. Yay!
2) You can find what other lengths of a triangle are. (value(sin(theta)) (value(cos(theta)) **most cases theta needs to be in radians i understand that. 
-this makes sense. Yay!
Ok, so what the heck is going on when you do sin($\pi$/6). How does that equal 1/2? I understand that basically the sine of $\pi$/6 (y min and max) would be 1/2, ok but why? when you do cos(0), x = 1 because r = 1 (why is r = 1?). This is where I am confused. Again, I can do this stuff on calculator but I am a programmer and if things don't make sense my head spins and I need to understand what is going on. 
 A: If you draw the unit circle (the circle of radius $1$ centered at the origin) in the $XY$-plane, and you start at $0$ radians (i.e., the positive $x$-axis), as you increase radians to, say, $\frac{\pi}{6}$ (by moving counterclockwise), $\cos{\frac{\pi}{6}}$ represents the $x$-value of $(x,y)$ coordinate on the unit circle that intersects with the line from the origin that forms $\frac{\pi}{6}$ radians with the $x$-axis.  Similarly, $\sin{\frac{\pi}{6}}$ represents the $y$-coordinate of this point.
Here is a picture to accompany my explanation, which I found at this website.

A: A different way to look at it is about 1) triangles 
When you draw a right triangle let's say a 30-60-90 triangle and the angle theta is on the 30 degrees,
we know that if the hypotenuse is 2, then the other side lengths are 1 and $\sqrt3$ and we look from the position of the angle and say that :
sin= $\frac{opposite}{hypotenuse}$ and csc is reciprocal of that
cos= $\frac{adjacent}{hypotenuse}$ and sec is reciprocal of that
tan= $\frac{sin}{cos}$ and cot is reciprocal of that
Good question!
