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comment Career in Number Theory?
Don't worry too much about this now, wait until you've near finishing your PhD. A good PhD qualifies you for many different careers if you are no longer interested in number theory. At this point, I suggest to become as good a mathematician as you can.
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awarded  Commentator
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comment Generating functions for context-free languages
Thanks that's neat! Is this transformation of collapsing all terminals functorial in some category of CFGs (whatever that might be)? Anyway, as nice as this is, it doesn't really seem to give a handle on the original question whether we can compute the generating functions (for degrees of ambiguity or number of $n$-length strings), or its power-series coefficients easily. Would you happen to have any further ideas in this direction?
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comment Generating functions for context-free languages
@ Hendirk Jan, I'm interested in either, I just thought unambiguous is simpler (and in the case or regular expressions gives rise to a simple inductive definition of generating functions). For unambiguous grammars the coefficients $a_n$ in $\Sigma_{n < \omega}a_n f_n$ are always 'binary', i.e. either 0 or 1. Is there a systematic relationship between such binary formal power series, and power series that count strings of size $n$?
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comment Generating functions for context-free languages
@ Hendirk Jan. As far as I understand (not very much) Schuetzenberger does this: let $\Sigma$ be a finite alphabet, and $(f_n)_{n<\omega}$ and enumeration of $\Sigma^*$. Then he produces a formal power-series $\Sigma_{n<\omega}a_n f_n$ such that $a_n$ is the number of ways that $f_n$ can be generated by the CFG. So $a_n$ measures ambiguity. The formal power series is obtained by a limiting process. That makes it difficult to read off the generating function that counts the strings of size $n$. I wonder if somebody wrote down a more convenient way of counting strings of size $n$.
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comment Generating functions for context-free languages
@ Rick Decker: the formulations of the Schuetzenberger-Chomsky theorem I have seen, including the Wikipedia article you've linked to, don't give you the sequence ($a_i$) of cardinalities, or the generating function. But I'm after is the generating function, so I can use it obtain just that sequence. Are you aware of Schuetzenberger-Chomsky variants that enable me to do this?
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awarded  Yearling
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revised Generating functions for context-free languages
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revised Generating functions for context-free languages
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asked Generating functions for context-free languages
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revised Disjoint Union of Subsets and Direct Sum of Subspaces (Clarify Explanation)
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answered Disjoint Union of Subsets and Direct Sum of Subspaces (Clarify Explanation)
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accepted Does every prime ideal in a ring arise as kernel of a homomorphism into $\mathbb{Z}$?