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All polynomials with no natural roots and integer coefficients such that $\phi(n)|\phi(P(n))$

Let $P(x)$ be a polynomial with integer coefficients such that the equation $P(x)=0$ has no positive integer solutions. Find all polynomials $P(x)$ such that for all positive integers $n$ we have ...
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Does a four-variable analog of the Hall-Witt identity exist?

Lately I have been thinking about commutator formulas, sparked by rereading the following paragraph in Isaacs (p.125): An amazing commutator formula is the Hall-Witt identity: ...
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Explicit norm on $\mathcal{C}^0(\mathbb{R},\mathbb{R})$

Do you know an explicit norm on $\mathcal{C}^0(\mathbb{R},\mathbb{R})$? Using the axiom of choice, every vector space admits a norm but have you an explicit formula on ...
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Rational roots of polynomials

Can one construct a sequence $(a_k)_{k\geqslant 0}$ of rational numbers such that, for every positive integer $n$ the polynomial $a_nX^n+a_{n-1}X^{n-1}+\cdots +a_0$ have exactly $n$ distinct rational ...
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Number of simple edge-disjoint paths needed to cover a planar graph

Let $G=(V,E)$ be a graph with $|E|=m$ of a graph class $\mathcal{G}$. A path-cover $\mathcal{P}=\{P_1,\ldots,P_k\}$ is a partition of $E$ into edge-disjoint simple paths. The size of the cover is ...
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A short proof for $\dim(R[T])=\dim(R)+1$?

If $R$ is a commutative ring, it is easy to prove $\dim(R[T]) \geq \dim(R)+1$. For noetherian $R$, we have equality. Every proof I'm aware of uses quite a bit of commutative algebra and nontrivial ...
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The Ring Game on $K[x,y,z]$

I recently read about the Ring Game on Mathoverflow, and have been trying to determine winning strategies for each player on various rings. The game has two players and begins with a commutative ...
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What is the function space generated by addition and $(a,b)\mapsto (a+b)^{-1}\cdot a\cdot b$ of elements and their inverses?

(the motivation section turned out a little long, the mathematical question is at the end) I need to work with electrical circuts at the moment, computing effective impedances etc. From ...
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Generalizing Ramanujan's proof of Bertrand's Postulate: Can Ramanujan's approach be used to show a prime between $4x$ and $5x$ for $x \ge 3$

Perhaps, I've been thinking too long about Ramanujan's proof, but it appears to me that his argument can be generalized beyond $x$ and $2x$. My argument below attempts to show that for $x \ge 1331$, ...
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Eigenvalue problem: Prove that all of the eigenvalues of $A$ are $1$.

Here's a cute problem that was frequently given by the late Herbert Wilf during his talks. Problem: Let $A$ be an $n \times n$ matrix with entries from $\{0,1\}$ having all positive eigenvalues. ...
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Is there a categorical definition of submetry?

(Updated to include effective epimorphism.) This question is prompted by the recent discussion of why analysts don't use category theory. It demonstrates what happens when an analyst tries to use ...
A non-losing strategy for tic-tac-toe $\times$ tic-tac-toe
Let $G$ be a group, with $N$ characteristic in $G$. As $N$ is characteristic, every automorphism of $G$ induces an automorphism of $G/N$. Thus, \$\operatorname{Aut}(G)\rightarrow ...