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## Hot answers tagged trigonometric-series

30

For $x < 1$, we have the Taylor series expansion: $$f(x):= \frac{-1}{4} \log \left(- \frac{x - x^{-1}}{x + x^{-1}} \right) = \frac{x^2}{2} + \frac{x^6}{6} + \frac{x^{10}}{10} + \frac{x^{14}}{14} + \ldots$$ Then $$f(x) + \frac{f(x^2)}{2} + \frac{f(x^4)}{4} + \frac{f(x^8)}{8} + \ldots = \frac{x^2}{2} + \frac{x^4}{4} + \frac{x^6}{6} + \frac{x^8}{8} + \... 30 It is a simple trigonometric exercise to show that$$\frac{\sinh\pi n\sqrt2 -\sin\pi n\sqrt2}{\cosh\pi n\sqrt2 -\cos\pi n\sqrt2}= \Re \left(\coth \pi n z_0+z_0^2\coth\frac{\pi n}{z_0}\right),\tag{$\spadesuit$}$$with z_0=e^{i\pi/4}. Recall the Ramanujan identity (several nice proofs of which may be found here):$$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n^3}\left(\...

17

Of course there is. The fastest way to obtain it is to heuristically write $\cos(\pi\ln n)$ as $\frac12(n^{i\pi}+n^{-i\pi})$. The answer is then given by $$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{\cos\left(\pi\ln n\right)}{n^2}=\frac{\zeta(2+i\pi)+\zeta(2-i\pi)}{2}.$$

15

It doesn't. That series has a lot of terms near $\pm 1$; in particular, I can show it has infinitely many terms whose absolute value is larger than $\frac12$: The inequality $|\pi - p/q| < 1/q^2$ is satisfied by infinitely many pairs of positive integers $(p,q)$. (This is Dirichlet's approximation theorem.) Let $(p,q)$ be one such pair with $q > 8$....

13

Often when $\sin(x)$ and $x$ appear in a formula such as this, it is based on the fact that $$\lim_{a\to0}\frac{\sin(ax)}{a}=x\tag{1}$$ Since the summands are $\dfrac{4^{-k}}{\cos^2(2^{-k}x)}$ , it appears that an identity involving a double angle formula is being exploited. Therefore, with an eye toward a telescoping sum, I started with \begin{align} \... 12 Let f(x)=\prod_{n=0}^\infty\left(1-x^{2^n}\right)^{1/2^n}\tag{1} $$and$$ g(x)=\prod_{n=0}^\infty\left(1+x^{2^n}\right)^{1/2^n}\tag{2} $$Then$$ \begin{align} f(x)\,g(x) &=\prod_{n=0}^\infty\left(1-x^{2^{n+1}}\right)^{1/2^n}\\ &=\prod_{n=1}^\infty\left(1-x^{2^n}\right)^{2/2^n}\\ &=\left(\frac{f(x)}{1-x}\right)^2\tag{3} \end{align} $$from ... 12 Hint: use the fact that \cot{x}-2\cot{2 x}=\tan{x} 12$$\tan rx=\frac{\binom r1\tan x-\binom r3\tan^3x+\cdots}{1-\binom r2\tan^2x+\cdots}\text{ (Proof below) }$$Now, if \tan rx=\tan r\theta\implies rx=n\pi+r\theta where n is any integer \implies x=n\frac{\pi}r+\theta If r is even, =2m(say)$$\tan2m\theta=\tan2mx=\frac{\binom {2m}1\tan x-\binom {2m}3\tan^3x+\cdots+\binom {2m}{2m-1}(-1)^{m-1}\tan^{...

12

Since: $$\arctan\frac{3n^2}{2n^4-1}=\arctan\frac{1}{n^2}+\arctan\frac{1}{2n^2}$$ then: $$\sum_{n=1}^{+\infty}\arctan\frac{3n^2}{2n^4-1} = \arg\prod_{n=1}^{+\infty}\left(1+\frac{i}{n^2}\right)+\arg\prod_{n=1}^{+\infty}\left(1+\frac{i}{2n^2}\right).\tag{1}$$ Since, by the Weierstrass product for the $\sinh$ function, $$\frac{\sinh(\pi z)}{\pi z}=\prod_{n=1}^{+... 11 Viète's formula gives:$$\prod_{k\geq 1} \cos\left(\frac{x}{2^k}\right)=\frac{\sin x}{x}\Rightarrow \prod_{k\geq 1} \sec\left(\frac{x}{2^k}\right)=\frac{x}{\sin x}\Rightarrow\sum_{k\geq 1} \ln \sec\left(\frac{x}{2^k}\right)=\ln x-\ln \sin x$$Differentiate twice and you have your result. 11 It will be helpful to start from an explanation of the origin and the proof of the Ramanujan identity. These are hidden (not very deeply) in the theory of elliptic functions. Indeed, Jacobi elliptic function \operatorname{dn}(z,k) has Fourier series$$\operatorname{dn}(z,k)=\frac{\pi}{2K}\left[1+2\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{\cos n\pi\frac{z}{K}}{\cosh n \pi \...

10

Actually, this sum converges for every $\alpha>0$. Step I. For every $x\in\mathbb R$, the sequence $s_n=\sum_{k=1}^n\sin kx$ is bounded. Indeed, if $x=m\pi$, then $s_n=0$. If $x\ne m\pi$, then $\sin(x/2)\ne 0$, and $$s_n=\sum_{k=1}^n\sin kx=\mathrm{Im}\left(\mathrm{e}^{xi}+\mathrm{e}^{2xi}+\cdots\mathrm{e}^{nxi}\right)= \mathrm{Im}\left(\mathrm{e}^{... 9 Use:$$ \sin \frac{\theta}{2} \cdot \cos(k \theta) = \underbrace{\frac{1}{2} \sin\left( \left(k+\frac{1}{2}\right)\theta\right)}_{f_{k+1}} - \underbrace{\frac{1}{2} \sin\left( \left(k-\frac{1}{2}\right)\theta\right)}_{f_{k}} $$Thus$$ \begin{eqnarray} \sin \frac{\theta}{2} \cdot \sum_{k=1}^n \cos(k \theta) &=& \sum_{k=1}^n \left(f_{k+1} - ...

9

Recall that $\cos(x)=(e^{ix}+e^{-ix})/2$ and $\sin(x)=(e^{ix}-e^{-ix})/2i$, so your sum can be rewritten as $$\sum_{j=1}^k\biggl[\frac{e^{j\pi i/k}+e^{-j\pi i/k}}2\biggr]^n\,\biggl[\frac{e^{nj\pi i/k}-e^{-nj\pi i/k}}{2i}\biggr]\,.$$ Applying binomial theorem on the first factor (of each summand) your sum becomes \begin{align*} &\,\frac1{2^{n+1}i}\... 9\frac z{e^z-1}+\frac z 2=1+\sum_{n=2}^\infty\frac{B_n}{n!}z^n$$Replace z with 2iz to get$$\color{red}{z\cot(z)}=\frac{iz(e^{iz}+e^{-iz})}{e^{iz}-e^{-iz}}=1+\sum_{n=2}^\infty\frac{B_n}{n!}(2iz)^n=1+\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{B_{2n}}{(2n)!}(-1)^n(2z)^{2n}$$Now use following trigonometric formula$$\tan(z)=\cot(z)-2\cot(2z).$$9 First notice that \dfrac{7\pi }{8}=\pi-\dfrac{\pi}{8} and also \dfrac{5\pi }{8}=\pi-\dfrac{3\pi}{8}. Substituting these values in the original expression, you'll get:$$\left(1+\cos {\pi \over 8}\right)\left(1+\cos {3\pi \over 8}\right)\left(1-\cos {3\pi \over 8}\right)\left(1-\cos {\pi \over 8}\right)$$Using the obvious algebraic identity, you get$$...

9

We can use Riemann sums to evaluate the limit. We have $$\sum_{k=1}^n\sin\left(\frac{n}{n^2+k^2}\right)=\sum_{k=1}^n\,n\sin\left(\frac{1/n}{1+(k/n)^2}\right)\frac1n\to \int_0^1\frac{1}{1+x^2}\,dx=\pi/4$$ since we have $$\left(\frac{1}{1+(k/n)^2}\right)-\frac{1}{6n^2}\left(\frac{1}{1+(k/n)^2}\right)^3\le n\sin\left(\frac{1/n}{1+(k/n)^2}\right)\le \frac{1}{1+... 9 Define the real function \mathcal{I}:[-1,1]\rightarrow\mathbb{R} via the parametric integral$$\mathcal{I}{\left(a\right)}:=\iint_{[0,\frac{\pi}{2}]^{2}}\mathrm{d}\theta\,\mathrm{d}\varphi\,\sin{\left(\varphi\right)}\arcsin{\left(a\sin{\left(\varphi\right)}\sin{\left(\theta\right)}\right)}.$$If we perform the integration over \varphi first, we can ... 8 Consider$$\prod_{k = 0}^{n - 2}\cos(2^k \theta)$$Multiplying numerator and denominator by 2\sin(\theta) we get,$$\frac{2\sin(\theta)\cos(\theta)}{2\sin(\theta)}\prod_{k = 1}^{n - 2} \cos(2^k\theta) = \frac{\sin(2\theta)}{2\sin(\theta)}\prod_{k = 1}^{n - 2} \cos(2^k\theta)$$Now, repeatedly multiplying and dividing by 2, we can reduce the above to,$$\...

8

I don't know the answer (I should have! -- see below), but in my opinion a lot of people are misinterpreting the question, so perhaps it is worth an answer to try to set this straight. Here is an analogy: trigonometric series is to Fourier series as power series is to Taylor series. In other words, a trigonometric series is just any series of the form $A_{... 8 We use this, which is somewhat complicated. Let$S$be the product$\prod_{k=1}^{90} \sin k^\circ $. Then$S^2 = \prod_{k=1}^{179} \sin k^\circ = \frac{ 180} { 2^{179}}$Hence$S = \sqrt{ 10} \frac{3}{2^{89} }$. I believe your method of using$\sin 2\theta$repeatedly is better, in part because the proof of the quoted theorem is complicated. 8 If$z^{5}-1=0$, then $$(z^{4}+z^{3}+z^{2}+z+1)(z-1)=0,$$ because$z^{5}-1=(z^{4}+z^{3}+z^{2}+z+1)(z-1)$. This implies that $$z^{4}+z^{3}+z^{2}+z+1=0$$ or$z-1=0$. Since \begin{equation*} z=\cos \frac{2\pi }{5}+i\sin \frac{2\pi }{5}=e^{i2\pi /5}\ne 1 \end{equation*} is a root of$z^5-1=0 $and \begin{equation*} z^{k}=\cos \frac{2k\pi }{5}+i\sin \frac{2k\pi }{... 8 $$\int_0^{\pi} \sin(nx)=\frac{1}{n}\left(-\cos(nx)\right|_0^{\pi} =\frac{1}{n}\left(1-(-1)^n\right)$$ Hence, $$\int_0^{\pi} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{n\sin(nx)}{e^n}=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{1-(-1)^n}{e^n}=\left(\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{e^n}\right)-\left(\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{(-1)^n}{e^n}\right)$$ $$=\frac{1}{1-\left(\frac{1}{e}\right)}-\frac{1}{1-\... 8 Hint: The partial sums have an explicit form, because there are the imaginary part of some geometric series.$$ \sum_{k=1}^n e^{ik} = \frac {1-e^{in}}{1-e^i} = \frac {e^{-in/2}-e^{in/2}}{e^{-i/2}-e^{i/2}} \frac{e^{in/2}}{e^{i/2}} = \frac{\sin \frac n2}{\sin \frac 12} e^{i(n-1)/2} $$so the nth partial sum is$$ \frac{1}{\sin \frac 12} \sin \frac n2\sin{\... 8 We use the Poisson summation formula. Define$f(x) \equiv \sin(\pi x) / (\pi x)$. Then the sum we are trying to solve is $$g(y) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^\infty f(n-y) \, .$$ The Poisson summation formula converts the sum over values of$f$to a sum over values of the Fourier transform of$f$. Poisson summation Note that$g(y)$is periodic with period$1$. The ... 8 Hint: consider $$x_{n}=a^n+b^n+c^n$$ $$x_{n+3}=(a+b+c)x_{n+2}-(ab+bc+ac)x_{n+1}+abcx_{n}$$ let$a=\tan^2{20}=\tan^2{\dfrac{\pi}{9}},b=\tan^2{40}=\tan^2{\dfrac{2\pi}{9}},c=\tan^2{80}=\tan^2{\dfrac{4\pi}{9}}$and you can add$d=\tan^2{\dfrac{3\pi}{9}}=3\$ It is easy to find $$a+b+c=30,ab+bc+ac=27, abc=3$$ because you can see here lab bhattacharjee full ...

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