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## Hot answers tagged dirichlet-series

33

If we can change the order of summation, we obtain \begin{align} 1 + \sum_{k=1}^\infty \frac{(-1)^k}{2^k}\eta(k) &= 1 + \sum_{k=1}^\infty \frac{(-1)^k}{2^k}\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{(-1)^{n+1}}{n^k} \\ &= 1 + \sum_{n=1}^\infty (-1)^{n+1}\sum_{k=1}^\infty \frac{(-1)^k}{(2n)^k}\\ &= 1 + \sum_{n=1}^\infty (-1)^{n+1} ... 26 In the comments section to Willie Wong's answer, the following Dirichlet series came up: the Riemann \zeta-function, Dirichlet L-functions, and Ramanujan's series \sum_{n \geq 1}\tau(n) n^{-s}, where \tau(n) is the coefficient of q^n in \Delta(q) = q\prod_{n=1}^{\infty} (1-q^n)^{24}. First note that the \zeta-function is a special case of a ... 14 Trivial zeros Numerically I found that for n any positive integer (replacing your \,\gamma+\gamma\, constant by \,\log\,\pi\,) :\tag{1}\frac{\zeta ''(-2\;n)}{2\,\zeta '(-2\;n)}+\log (n)<\log(\pi)$$with the limit approaching \log\,\pi\, as \,n\to \infty. I obtained too the following asymptotic expansion as \,n\to\infty :$$\frac{\zeta ...

12

This question is an opportunity to showcase Mellin transforms and harmonic sums, where we first compute the Mellin transform of the sum and subsequently invert it, obtaining an asymptotic expansion about zero/infinity. Consider $$g(x) = \frac{1}{1+x}.$$ The Mellin transform $g^*(s)$ of $g(x)$ is given by $$g^*(s) = \mathfrak{M}(g(x); s) = \int_0^\infty ... 9 The Dirichlet eta function is given by \eta(s)=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}(-1)^{n-1}n^{-s}, but this converges only for s with positive real part, and you are proposing to use its behavior for negative integers. A globally convergent series for \eta can be derived using the Riemann zeta function (cf. here):$$ ...

7

Approximate $G(z)$ by the first two terms, $g(z) := e^{-1} + e^{-4}/2^z$. The zeroes of $g$ are $$- \frac{3}{\log 2} + (2k+1) \frac{\pi}{\log 2} i \approx - 4.328 + (2k+1) 4.532 i \ \mathrm{for} \ k \in \mathbb{Z}.$$ In particular, the zeroes of $g$ are perfectly regularly spaced. Your zeroes are pretty close to these points, so I suspect that the ...

7

You could look at Serre's article Modular forms of weight one and Galois representations in the 1975 Durham proceedings (also in his collected works). My memory is that he gives several examples of Artin $L$-functions (including examples relating them to Hecke $L$-functions in the case when the Artin representation is induced from a character). As for ...

7

Your original observation is easily explained: $d(n)$ is odd if and only if $n$ is a square.

7

There is a closed form for your series: $$\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}\left( \zeta(2k)-\beta(2k)\right)=\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}\ln2. \tag1$$ Proof. Using absolute convergence of the series, you may write \begin{align} \sum_{k=1}^{\infty}\left( \zeta(2k)-\beta(2k)\right) & = \sum_{k=1}^{\infty}\left( ... 6 The idea needed here is Dirichlet convolution. The convolution identity states that if\left(\sum_{j=1}^\infty \frac{a_j}{j^s}\right)\left(\sum_{k=1}^\infty \frac{b_k}{k^s}\right)=\sum_{\ell=1}^\infty \frac{c_\ell}{\ell^s}$$then$$\sum_{k\,\mid \,n} a_k b_{n/k} = c_n$$where the sum ranges over all positive divisors of n. More specifically, your ... 6 g will always have a half-plane free from zeroes (cf. e.g. Titchmarsh, Theory of functions, Section 9.6). This means a functional equation would be sufficient to guarantee a critical strip (essentially calling the other zeroes trivial by definition). 5 (1) is a correct computation. In general, to treat primes of the form kn+m, you would have a linear combination of \phi(k) sums, each of which runs over the zeros of a different Dirichlet L-function (of which the Riemann \zeta function is a special case). And yes, assuming the generalized Riemann hypothesis, all of the terms including those sums over ... 5 For example, for any Dirichlet character \chi, the sums \sum_{n=1}^\infty \chi(n) can be summed by analytic continuation of \sum_n \chi(n)/n^s, which has a meromorphic continuation. Similarly, for many other arithmetical functions (such as coefficients of modular forms) the analogous sum has a meromorphic continuation, so is summable in this sense. ... 5 Your Euler product factorization is incorrect. It should proceed like the following:$$\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{(-1)^{n-1}\chi(n)}{n^s}=\left(1-\frac{2\chi(2)}{2^s}\right)\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{\chi(n)}{n^s}=\frac{1-\chi(2)2^{1-s}}{1-\chi(2)2^{-s}}\prod_{p>2}\left(\frac{1}{1-\chi(p)p^{-s}}\right),$$or simply (1-\chi(2)2^{1-s})L(s,\chi). Compare to ... 5 The orthogonality relations for Dirichlet characters imply that$$ \frac1{\phi(q)} \sum_{\chi\pmod q} L(s,\chi) = \sum_{n\equiv1\pmod q} n^{-s}.$$Therefore$$ H(s) = \zeta(s) \sum_{n\equiv1\pmod q} n^{-s} = \sum_{n=1}^\infty n^{-s} \sum_{\substack{d\mid n \\ d\equiv1\pmod q}} 1,$$from which you can answer your particular question. 4 The "divisor convolution" of two arithmetic functions a_n and b_n is the arithmetic function (a\star b)(n) = \sum_{d \mid n} a_db_{n/d}. If \sum a(n) n^{-s} = L(a, s) is the Dirichlet series of a, then we have the relation$$L(a, s)L(b, s) = L(a \star b, s).$$In particular, the Möbius transform is$$L(\mu \star a, s) = L(a, s)/\zeta(s).$$We ... 4 Possible keywords include Dirichlet L-functions or the generalized Riemann hypothesis. For the case where c_k are the values of a Dirichlet character, in certain situations the existence of a critical strip is known. See the Wikipedia article for references. 4 I was hoping someone else more knowledgeable would give a more detailed answer, but: the answer is the Euler-Maclaurin formula (applied to the difference between the two sums). The points at which the digits don't match correspond to the part of the formula involving a sum over Bernoulli numbers. The values of N which most have this property are powers of ... 4 Let D_f(s) denote the Dirichlet generating series:$$ D_f(s) = \sum_{n =1}^{\infty} \frac{f(n)}{n^s}. $$When the series convergences absolutely, we can write D_f(s) as an Euler product:$$ D_f(s) = \prod_p \left(1+f(p)p^{−s} +f(p^2)p^{−2s} \dots \right) $$where the product ranges over all the primes p. Looking at the Euler product for ... 4 See my response here. 3 Note that$$\frac{\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}}{n^x}=\frac{\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}}{n^x}\cdot\frac{\sqrt{n+1}+\sqrt{n}}{\sqrt{n+1}+\sqrt{n}}=\frac{1}{n^x(\sqrt{n+1}+\sqrt{n})}.$$If x>1/2, then$$\frac{\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}}{n^x}=\frac{1}{n^x(\sqrt{n+1}+\sqrt{n})}\leq\frac{1}{n^x(2\sqrt{n})}=\frac{1}{2n^{x+\frac{1}{2}}}.$$Since ... 3 Well, here's an answer - no, because then G(s)=Z(s,N)Z(1-s,N)^{-1} would be invariant with respect to N, but it clearly isn't (check the graphs for various N on W|A if you want to, or just plug in the trivial N=1 case). If you let G vary with N then of course there are such functions, but I doubt there is a nice formula that covers all the cases. ... 3 I have worked out a partial answer to my own question. Define A(s) = \sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty\frac{a_n}{n^s}. First, assume that s = 1. WLOG we can also assume that a = 1. Observe that for some N and all n > N, \Re(a_n) > 1/2. It follows that A(1) diverges. I found a pertinent result in Knopp, Konrad. Infinite Sequences and Series. ... 3 Edit: This answered the question before it was edited. I don't believe these formulas (namely L(\chi,2) = \frac{\pi^2}{62} and L(\chi,4) = \frac{\pi^2 }{1906}) are true. First minor issue is that your Dirichlet character (which has a period of 9 rather than 10) is not primitive, and is induced from the unique primitive Dirichlet character of ... 3 Let S(t)=\sum_{2\leq n\leq t}\chi(n), and suppose that s>1. Using integration by parts, we have that$$\sum_{n=2}^{\infty}\chi(n)n^{-s}=\int_{2}^{\infty}t^{-s}d\left(S(t)\right)=s\int_{2}^{\infty}S(t)t^{-s-1}dt,$$and by applying the trivial bound |S(t)|\leq q, it follows that$$\left|\sum_{n=2}^{\infty}\chi(n)n^{-s}\right|\leq q2^{-s}.\ \ \ \ \ \ \ ...

3

It certainly converges for $s>7.61$. Salikhov proved that $|\pi - p/q| \geq q^{-7.61}$ for all integers $(p,q)$ with $q$ sufficiently large. So $|q \pi - p| \geq q^{-6.61}$ and, since $p$ and $q$ must be basically proportional for this to be at all close to true, $|p - q \pi| \geq p^{-6.61}$. For any $p$, choose $q$ to be the integer so that $(q-1/2) ... 3 The Euler product of$\zeta(s)^3/\zeta(2s)$is $$\frac{\zeta(s)^3}{\zeta(2s)} = \prod_p \frac{1-p^{-2s}}{(1-p^{-s})^3} = \prod_p \frac{1+p^{-s}}{(1-p^{-s})^2}.$$ But $$\frac{1+p^{-s}}{(1-p^{-s})^2} = \sum_{k=0}^n (2k+1)p^{-ks} = \sum_{k=0}^n d(p^{2k})p^{-ks}.$$ Since$d$is multiplicative, you should be able to conclude. 3 Numerically I got these roots with growing imaginary parts :$-4.3409477472 + i\ 4.4770216332-4.2880579538 + i\ 13.633957460-4.3851693625 + i\ 22.647453867-4.2763847378 + i\ 31.711259005-4.3658043306 + i\ 40.8352457753-4.3147004415 + i\ 49.8019753881-4.3083714889 + i\ 58.9723863592$... Regularity and analytic expressions for the exact ... 3 We can, without loss of generality, assume$s = 0$(otherwise replace$a_n$by$b_n = a_n\cdot n^{-s}$). We prove the convergence of$\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty \frac{a_n}{n^z}$for$\operatorname{Re} z > 0\$ under the slightly weaker assumption that the sequence $$P_n = \sum_{k=1}^n a_k$$ of partial sums is bounded. To prove the convergence of ...

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