# $x^y = y^x$ for integers $x$ and $y$

We know that $2^4 = 4^2$ and $(-2)^{-4} = (-4)^{-2}$. Is there another pair of integers $x, y$ ($x\neq y$) which satisfies the equality $x^y = y^x$?

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This is a classic (and well known problem).

The general solution of $x^y = y^x$ is given by

\begin{align*}x &= (1+1/u)^u \\ y &= (1+1/u)^{u+1}\end{align*}

It can be shown that if $x$ and $y$ are rational, then $u$ must be an integer.

For more details, see this and this.

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I know about this curve, but I haven't seen that parametrization before. +1 for that! –  Guess who it is. Nov 9 '10 at 2:19
The parametrization, it turns out, is due to Christian Goldbach, which he did in 1843. (See this for instance.) –  Guess who it is. Dec 4 '11 at 13:20
@J.M.: Thanks..! –  Aryabhata Dec 20 '11 at 20:58
Dude, long time no see! Sure hope you're fine. –  Guess who it is. Dec 20 '11 at 23:52
@J.M: I am fine (was away on vacation!) :-) Thanks for asking! –  Aryabhata Dec 21 '11 at 15:52

For every integer $n$, $x = y = n$ is a solution. So assume $x \neq y$.

Suppose $n^m = m^n$. Then $n^{1/n} = m^{1/m}$. Now the function $x \mapsto x^{1/x}$ reaches its maximum at $e$, and is otherwise monotone. Thus (assuming $n < m$) we must have $n < e$, i.e. $n = 1$ or $n = 2$.

If $n = 1$ then $n^m = 1$ and so $m = 1$, so it's a trivial solution.

If $n = 2$ then $n^m$ is a power of $2$, and so (since $m > 0$) $m$ must also be a power of $2$, say $m = 2^k$. Then $n^m = 2^{2^k}$ and $m^n = 2^{2k}$, so that $2^k = 2k$ or $2^{k-1} = k$. Now $2^{3-1} > 3$, and so an easy induction shows that $k \leq 2$. If $k = 1$ then $n = m$, and $k = 2$ corresponds to $2^4 = 4^2$.

EDIT: Up till now we considered $n,m>0$. We now go over all other cases. The solution $n = m = 0$ is trivial (whatever value we give to $0^0$).

If $n=0$ and $m \neq 0$ then $n^m = 0$ whereas $m^n = 1$, so this is not a solution.

If $n > 0$ and $m < 0$ then $0 < n^m \leq 1$ whereas $|m^n| \geq 1$. Hence necessarily $n^m = 1$ so that $n = 1$. It follows that $m^1 = 1^m = 1$. In particular, there's no solution with opposite signs.

If $n,m < 0$ then $(-1)^m (-n)^m = n^m = m^n = (-1)^n (-m)^n$, so that $n,m$ must have the same parity. Taking inverses, we get $(-n)^{-m} = (-m)^{-n}$, so that $-n,-m$ is a solution for positive integers. The only non-trivial positive solution $2,4$ yields the only non-trivial negative solution $-2,-4$.

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I edited the question. –  Paulo Argolo Nov 9 '10 at 1:12
@Paulo: Yuval answered your question adequately. He showed that the pair $(2,4)$ are the only distinct integers which satisfy, and that any pair $(x,x), x \in \mathbb{N}$ is a solution. –  Brandon Carter Nov 9 '10 at 1:17
Thank you very much! –  Paulo Argolo Nov 9 '10 at 1:18
@Brandon Carter: (-2)^(-4)= (-4)(-2). I just edit the question. Thank you for the comment. –  Paulo Argolo Nov 9 '10 at 1:22

Say $x^y = y^x$, and $x > y > 0$. Taking logs, $y \log x = x \log y$; rearranging, $(\log x)/x = (\log y)/y$. Let $f(x) = (\log x)/x$; then this is $f(x) = f(y)$.

Now, $f^\prime(x) = (1-\log x)/x^2$, so $f$ is increasing for $x<e$ and decreasing for $x>e$. So if $x^y = y^x$ has a solution, then $x > e > y$. So $y$ must be $1$ or $2$. But $y = 1$ doesn't work. $y=2$ gives $x=4$.

(I've always thought of this as the standard'' solution to this problem and I'm a bit surprised nobody has posted it yet.)

If $x > 0 > y$, then $0 < x^y < 1$ and $y^x$ is an integer, so there are no such solutions.

If $0 > x > y$, then $x^y = y^x$ implies $x$ and $y$ must have the same parity. Also, taking reciprocals, $x^{-y} = y^{-x}$. Then $(-x)^{-y} = (-y)^{-x}$ since $x$ and $y$ have the same parity. (The number of factors of $-1$ we introduced to each side differs by $x-y$, which is even.) So solving the problem where $x$ and $y$ are negative reduces to solving it when $x$ and $y$ are positive.

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Because $x^y = y^x$ is symmetric we first demand that $x>y$ Then we proceed simply this way:

$x^y = y^x$

$x = y^{\frac x y }$

$\frac x y = y^{\frac x y -1}$

$\frac x y -1 = y^{\frac x y -1} - 1$

Now we expand the rhs into its well-known exponential-series

$\frac x y -1 = \ln(y)*(\frac x y -1) + \frac {((\ln(y)*(\frac x y -1))^2}{2!} + ...$

Here by the definition x>y the lhs is positive, so if $\ln(y)$ >=1 we had lhs $\lt$ rhs Thus $\ln(y)$ must be smaller than 1, and the only integer y>1 whose log is smaller than 1 is y=2, so there is the only possibility $y = 2$ and we are done.

[update] Well, after having determined $y=2$ the same procedure can be used to show, that after manyally checking $x=3$ (impossible) $x=4$ (possible) no $x>4$ can be chosen.

We ask for $x=4^{1+\delta} ,\delta > 0$ inserting the value 2 for y:

$4^{(1+\delta)*2}=2^{4^{(1+\delta)}}$

Take log to base 2:

$(1+\delta)*4=4^{(1+\delta)}$

$\delta =4^{\delta} - 1$

$\delta = \ln(4)*\delta + \frac { (\ln(4)*\delta)^2 }{2!} + \ldots$

$0 = (\ln(4)-1)*\delta + \frac { (\ln(4)*\delta)^2 }{2!} + \ldots$

Because $\ln(4)-1 >0$ this can only be satisfied if $\delta =0$

So indeed the only solutions, assuming x>y, is $(x,y) = (4,2)$ .

[end update]

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I've collected some references, feel free to add more of them. (Some of them are taken from other answers. And, of course, some of them can contain further interesting references.)

Online:

Papers:

• Michael A. Bennett and Bruce Reznick: Positive Rational Solutions to $x^y = y^{mx}$ : A Number-Theoretic Excursion, The American Mathematical Monthly , Vol. 111, No. 1 (Jan., 2004), pp. 13-21; available at jstor, arxiv or at author's homepage.

• Marta Sved: On the Rational Solutions of $x^y = y^x$, Mathematics Magazine, Vol. 63, No. 1 (Feb., 1990), pp. 30-33, available at jstor. It is mentioned here, that this problem appeared in 1960 Putnam Competition (for integers)

• F. Gerrish: 76.25 $a^{b}=b^{a}$: The Positive Integer Solution, The Mathematical Gazette, Vol. 76, No. 477 (Nov., 1992), p. 403. Jstor link

• Solomon Hurwitz: On the Rational Solutions of $m^n=n^m$ with $m\ne n$, The American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. 74, No. 3 (Mar., 1967), pp. 298-300. jstor

• Joel Anderson: Iterated Exponentials, The American Mathematical Monthly , Vol. 111, No. 8 (Oct., 2004), pp. 668-679. jstor

• R. Arthur Knoebel, Exponentials Reiterated. The American Mathematical Monthly , Vol. 88, No. 4 (Apr., 1981), pp. 235-252 jstor, link

Books:

• Andrew M. Gleason, R. E. Greenwood, Leroy Milton Kelly: William Lowell Putnam mathematical competition problems and solutions 1938-1964, ISBN 0883854287, p.59 and p.538

• Titu Andreescu, Dorin Andrica, Ion Cucurezeanu: An Introduction to Diophantine Equations: A Problem-Based Approach, Springer, New York, 2010. Page 209

Searches: The reason I've added this is that it can be somewhat tricky to search for a formula or an equation. So any interesting idea which could help finding interesting references may be of interest.

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Well I finally found an answer relating to some number theory I suppose !

Assume that : $x={p_1}^{\alpha _ 1}.{p_2}^{\alpha _ 2}...{p_k}^{\alpha _ k}$ it is clear that number y prime factors are the same as number x but with different powers i.e: $y={p_1}^{\beta _ 1}.{p_2}^{\beta _ 2}...{p_k}^{\beta _ k}$ replacing the first equation we get:

${({p_1}^{\alpha _ 1}.{p_2}^{\alpha _ 2}...{p_k}^{\alpha _ k})}^y={({p_1}^{\beta _ 1}.{p_2}^{\beta _ 2}...{p_k}^{\beta _ k})}^x$ i.e: ${p_1}^{{\alpha _ 1}y}.{p_2}^{{\alpha _ 2}y}...{p_k}^{{\alpha _ k}y}={p_1}^{{\beta _ 1}x}.{p_2}^{{\beta _ 2}x}...{p_k}^{{\beta _ k}x}$

Since the the powers ought to be equal we know for each $1\le i \le k$ we have:${\alpha_i}y={\beta_i}x$ i.e: ${\alpha_i}/{\beta_i}=x/y$

Considering that the equation is symmetric we can assume that $x \le y$ but we have ${\alpha_i}/{\beta_i} = x/y \ge 1$ hence ${\alpha_i} \ge {\beta_i}$

Assume this obvious,easy-to-prove theorem:

Theorem #1

Consider $x,y \in \mathbb{N}$ such that $x={p_1}^{\alpha _ 1}.{p_2}^{\alpha _ 2}...{p_k}^{\alpha _ k}$ $y={p_1}^{\beta _ 1}.{p_2}^{\beta _ 2}...{p_k}^{\beta _ k}$ for each $1\le i \le k$ we have:

$y|x \to {\alpha_i}\ge{\beta_i}$ or vice versa

Using the Theorem #1 we can get that $y|x$ i.e $x=yt$ replacing in the main equation we get:

$x^y=y^x \to ({yt})^y=y^{({yt})} \to yt=y^t$

Now we must find the answers to the equation $yt=y^t$ for $t=1$ it is obvious that for every $y \in \mathbb{N}$ the equation is valid.so one answer is $x=y$

Yet again for $t=2$ we must have $2y=y^2$ i.e $y=2$ and we can conclude that $x=4$ (using the equation $x=yt$)so another answer is $x=4$ $\land$ y=2$(or vice versa) We show that for$t\ge3$the equation is not valid anymore. If$t\ge3$then$y\gt2$we prove that with these terms the inequality$y^t \gt yt$stands.$y^t={(y-1+1)}^t={(y-1)}^t+...+\binom{t}{2} {(y-1)}^2 + \binom{t}{1}(y-1) +1 \gt \binom{t}{2} {(y-1)}^2 + t(y-1) +1$But we have$y-1\gt1$so:$y^t \gt \binom{t}{2} {(y-1)}^2 + t(y-1) +1= \frac {t(t-1)}{2} -t +1 +yt= \frac {(t-2)(t-1)}{2} + yt \gt yt$So it is proved that for$t\ge3$is not valid anymore.$\bullet\$

P.S: The equation is solved for positive integers yet the solution for all the integers is quite the same!(took me an hour to write this all,hope you like my solution)

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