# Parametric Curve Representation of a Square from a Circle

Given the parametric equation of a unit circle $$\vec r(\theta) = \begin{bmatrix} \cos\theta \\ \sin\theta \end{bmatrix}, \quad 0 \leq \theta \leq 2\pi$$

It seems that there is some function $$f : \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$$

such that $$\vec s(\theta) = f(\theta)\vec r(\theta), \quad 0 \leq \theta \leq 2\pi$$ where $\vec s(\theta)$ is the parametric equation of a square with side length $2$.

Can this function $f$ be found, and if so, what is it?

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## 2 Answers

Such function is just:

$$f(\theta) = \frac{1}{\max(|\sin\theta|,|\cos\theta|)}.$$

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I don't doubt that this is correct, but could you provide at least an informal proof as to why? –  Clockwise Aug 11 at 2:32
Such a choice can be understood in terms of the $L^\infty$ norm or supremum norm $$||\boldsymbol x||_\infty = \max \{|x_1|, |x_2|, \ldots, |x_n|\}.$$ Then we have the natural parametrization for $n = 2$ $$\boldsymbol x (\theta) = \frac{\boldsymbol r(\theta)}{||\boldsymbol r(\theta)||_\infty}$$ where $\boldsymbol r(\theta) = (\cos \theta, \sin \theta)$ is the unit circle. –  heropup Aug 11 at 2:35
Exacly, it is just the standard way to map the unit ball with respect to the euclidean norm (the circle) into the unit ball with respect to the supremum norm (the square). –  Jack D'Aurizio Aug 11 at 2:36
@Clockwise It is not difficult to prove. Try looking at just the first quadrant. The key is to observe that for $0 \le \theta < \pi/4$, $\cos \theta > \sin \theta$, and for $\pi/4 < \theta \le \pi/2$, $\sin \theta > \cos \theta$. –  heropup Aug 11 at 2:38

For the parameterization of the square, We can define such a function piecewise. For the first(and last) octant, consider that we have a right triangle, with one leg 1, the adjacent angle $\theta$. Therefore $x=1$ and $y = \tan(\theta)$.

This gives $f = \frac 1 {\cos \theta}$ on this region.

You can construct similar parameterizations for the other 4 pieces with rotations about the origin; yielding $f$ as described by Jack, $\frac{1}{\max(|\sin(\theta)|,|\cos(\theta)|)}$

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