# The Monster Integral

Compute the following integral $$\int_0^{\Large\frac{\pi}{4}}\left[\frac{(1-x^2)\ln(1+x^2)+(1+x^2)-(1-x^2)\ln(1-x^2)}{(1-x^4)(1+x^2)}\right] x\, \exp\left[\frac{x^2-1}{x^2+1}\right]\, dx$$

I was given two integral questions by my teacher. I can answer this one although it took a lot of time to compute it. I want to share this problem to the other users here and I would love to see how Mathematics SE users compute this monster. Thank you.

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Rewrite \begin{align} &\int\left[\frac{(1-x^2)\ln(1+x^2)+(1+x^2)-(1-x^2)\ln(1-x^2)}{(1-x^4)(1+x^2)}\right] x\ \exp\left[\frac{x^2-1}{x^2+1}\right]\ dx\\ &=-\int\left[\frac{(1-x^2)\ln\left(\dfrac{1-x^2}{1+x^2}\right)-(1+x^2)}{(1-x^2)(1+x^2)(1+x^2)}\right] x\ \exp\left[-\frac{1-x^2}{1+x^2}\right]\ dx\\ &=-\frac14\int\left[\frac{(1-x^2)\ln\left(\dfrac{1-x^2}{1+x^2}\right)-(1+x^2)}{(1-x^2)}\right] \frac{2x}{1+x^2}\, \exp\left[-\frac{1-x^2}{1+x^2}\right]\ \frac{2\ dx}{1+x^2}\\ &=-\frac14\int\left[\ln\left(\frac{1-x^2}{1+x^2}\right)-\frac{1+x^2}{1-x^2}\right] \frac{2x}{1+x^2}\, \exp\left[-\frac{1-x^2}{1+x^2}\right]\ \frac{2\ dx}{1+x^2}.\tag1 \end{align} Now, consider Weierstrass substitution: $$x=\tan\frac{t}{2}\;,\;\sin t=\frac{2x}{1+x^2}\;,\;\cos t=\frac{1-x^2}{1+x^2}\;,\;\text{ and }\;dt=\frac{2\ dx}{1+x^2}.$$ The integral in $(1)$ turns out to be $$-\frac14\int\left[\ln\left(\cos t\right)-\frac{1}{\cos t}\right] \sin t\, \exp\left[-\cos t\right]\ dt.\tag2$$ Let $y=\cos t\;\Rightarrow\;dy=-\sin t\ dt$, then $(2)$ becomes $$\frac14\int\left[\ln y-\frac{1}{y}\right] e^{-y}\ dy=\frac14\left[\int e^{-y}\ln y\ dy-\int\frac{e^{-y}}{y}\ dy\right].\tag3$$ The second integral in the RHS $(3)$ can be evaluated by using IBP. Taking $u=e^{-y}\;\Rightarrow\;du=-e^{-y}\ dy$ and $dv=\dfrac1y\ dy\;\Rightarrow\;v=\ln y$, then $$\int\frac{e^{-y}}{y}\ dy=e^{-y}\ln y+\int e^{-y}\ln y\ dy.\tag4$$ Substituting $(4)$ to $(3)$, we obtain $$\frac14\left[\int e^{-y}\ln y\ dy-e^{-y}\ln y-\int e^{-y}\ln y\ dy\right]=-\frac14e^{-y}\ln y+C.$$ Thus \begin{align} &\int\left[\frac{(1-x^2)\ln(1+x^2)+(1+x^2)-(1-x^2)\ln(1-x^2)}{(1-x^4)(1+x^2)}\right] x\ \exp\left[\frac{x^2-1}{x^2+1}\right]\ dx\\ &=\color{blue}{-\frac14\exp\left[-\frac{1-x^2}{1+x^2}\right]\ln \left|\frac{1-x^2}{1+x^2}\right|+C} \end{align} and \begin{align} &\int_0^{\Large\frac\pi4}\left[\frac{(1-x^2)\ln(1+x^2)+(1+x^2)-(1-x^2)\ln(1-x^2)}{(1-x^4)(1+x^2)}\right] x\ \exp\left[\frac{x^2-1}{x^2+1}\right]\ dx\\ &=\color{blue}{-\frac14\exp\left[-\frac{16-\pi^2}{16+\pi^2}\right]\ln \left|\frac{16-\pi^2}{16+\pi^2}\right|}. \end{align}

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I choose your answer since it's very detail and it's also nice-formatted. Thanks! (>‿◠)✌ –  Anastasiya-Romanova 秀 Jun 1 '14 at 14:13
For prettiness factor why not write $\exp\left[\frac{\pi^2-16}{\pi^2+16}\right]$? –  Alizter Dec 17 '14 at 14:52

From the numerator, collect the logarithmic terms first.

$$\displaystyle \int_0^{\pi/4} x\frac{(1+x^2)+(x^2-1)\ln\left(\frac{1-x^2}{1+x^2}\right)}{(1-x^4)(1+x^2)}\exp\left(\frac{x^2-1}{x^2+1}\right)\,dx$$

Rewrite $(1-x^4)=(1-x^2)(1+x^2)$ and divide the numerator by $(1+x^2)$.

$$\displaystyle \int_0^{\pi/4} \frac{x}{(1-x^2)(1+x^2)}\left(1+\frac{x^2-1}{x^2+1}\ln\left(\frac{1-x^2}{1+x^2}\right)\right)\exp\left(\frac{x^2-1}{x^2+1}\right)\,dx$$

Use the substitution $\displaystyle \frac{x^2-1}{x^2+1}=t \Rightarrow \frac{4x}{(1+x^2)^2}\,dx=dt$ to get:

$$\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}\int_{a}^{-1}\frac{e^t}{t}\left(1+t\ln(-t)\right)\,dt= \frac{1}{4}\int_{a}^{-1}e^t\left(\frac{1}{t}+\ln(-t)\right)\,dt$$

where $\displaystyle a=\frac{\pi^2/16-1}{\pi^2/16+1}$

Since $\displaystyle \int e^x(f'(x)+f(x))\,dx=e^xf(x)+C$, the above definite integral is:

$$\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}\left(e^t \ln(-t) \right|_{a}^{-1}=-\frac{1}{4}e^a\ln(-a) \approx \boxed{0.284007}$$

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That was fast... –  Nameless May 31 '14 at 10:33
The FLASH!! LOL –  Anastasiya-Romanova 秀 May 31 '14 at 10:34
@Nameless: Yeah, the reason being that V-Moy recently posted this problem on a problem solving website and I posted the very same solution there so all I had to was just copy-paste. ;) –  Pranav Arora May 31 '14 at 10:34
@Nameless Please don't be so surprise. I've posted this question on Brilliant and Pranav has already answer it there $\ddot\smile$ –  Anastasiya-Romanova 秀 May 31 '14 at 10:35
@Nameless Here is the link to the problem. –  Anastasiya-Romanova 秀 May 31 '14 at 10:36