# Showing $\sum_{n\in\mathbb{N}}\frac{\Lambda(n)}{n}=\log (x)+O(1)$ using a given result.

I'm stuck on the following problem.

Use the fact that $$\sum_{p\le x}_{p\,\text{prime}}\frac{\log p}{p}=\log (x)+O(1)$$ to show that $$\sum_{n\le x}_{n\in\mathbb{N}}\frac{\Lambda(n)}{n}=\log (x)+O(1),$$ where $\Lambda$ is the von Mangoldt function.

My main set back is figuring out what to do with the powers of primes. Here's what I've got so far.

We have $$O(1)=\sum_{p\le x}_{p\,\text{prime}}\frac{\log (p)}{p}-\log (x)$$ so there exists a $\lambda>0$ s.t. for any $\varepsilon>0$ there exists $M_{\varepsilon}>0$ s.t. if $x>M_{\varepsilon}$ then $$\left\lvert\sum_{p\le x}_{p\,\text{prime}}\frac{\log (p)}{p}-\log (x)\right\rvert\le\lambda\lvert 1\rvert =\lambda.$$

So let $\varepsilon>0$. Now, by definition of $\Lambda$, we have (for $x>M_{\varepsilon}$) that, with $P(x)$ as "$p^k\le x, p\, \text{prime}, k\in\mathbb{N}\backslash\{1\}$," \begin{align}\left\lvert\sum_{p^k\le x}_{p\,\text{prime}}_{k\in\mathbb{N}}\frac{\log (p)}{p^k}-\log (x)\right\rvert&\le\left\lvert\sum_{p\le x}_{p\,\text{prime}}\frac{\log (p)}{p}-\log (x)\right\rvert +\left\lvert\sum_{P(x)}\frac{\log (p)}{p^k}\right\rvert. \\ &\le\lambda + \left\lvert\sum_{P(x)}\frac{\log (p)}{p^k}\right\rvert \\ &=\lambda + \sum_{p^2\le x}_{p\,\text{prime}}\frac{\log p}{p^2}+\sum_{p^3\le x}_{p\,\text{prime}}\frac{\log p}{p^3}+\dots \\ &=\lambda +\sum_{k=2}^\infty\underbrace{\sum_{p^k\le x}_{p\,\text{prime}}\frac{\log p}{p^k}}_{\text{Each of these is less than }\lambda.}\tag{1} \\ &\le\sum_{k\in\mathbb{N}}\lambda.\end{align} But there are infinitely many terms in that series of $\lambda$s, so that bound is too crude (of course). The terms in $(1)$ are each bounded by some (minimal) constant $\sigma_{k, x}$ though so I just need to show that $$\sum_{k=2}^\infty\sigma_{k, x}<\infty$$ if at all possible :/

My aim is to bound it all by a constant.

I've tried other things too but - believe it or not - this seems like my best shot.

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This was the closest thing I could find: math.stackexchange.com/questions/33980/… –  Shaun Feb 10 '14 at 20:33
I spent time on this crap. It's an instance of when one hopes asking the question helps one answer it. –  Shaun Feb 10 '14 at 20:40
Have you tried applying Abel's identity? For an example (and a reference to Abel's identity) see here: math.stackexchange.com/a/12588/1102 –  Aryabhata Feb 10 '14 at 21:08
Just pointing out that you introduced a quantity $\epsilon$ that doesn't get used. You can just directly say: there exists $\lambda$ and $M$ such that for $x>M$, your second displayed equation holds. –  Greg Martin Feb 11 '14 at 7:07
Yep, there's never a need to introduce a quantity you never use. (Math is about verifying truths, not placating an epsilon overlord!) –  Greg Martin Feb 11 '14 at 18:54

In the written-out term you can bracket the $\log{p}$'s and you get $$S=\sum\limits_{n\leq x}\frac{\Lambda(n)}{n}=\sum\limits_{p\leq x}\log{p}\left(\sum\limits_{p^i\leq x}\frac{1}{p^i}\right)$$ The term in the bracket is bounded by $$\frac{1}{1-\frac{1}{p}}-1=\frac{1}{p-1}$$ So $$S\leq\sum\limits_{p\leq x}\frac{\log p}{p-1}=\sum\limits_{p\leq x}\frac{\log p}{p}+\sum\limits_{p\leq x}\frac{\log p}{p^2-p}=\log x + O(1)$$ since the last sum converges.
Furthermore, because we add terms to it if using the von Mangoldt function instead of the logs of primes, we obtain $$\log x+O(1)=\sum\limits_{p\leq x}\frac{\log p}{p}\leq S$$ and we see that $S=\log x + O(1)$.
The last is a little abuse-of-notationish, but that's common with big-Oh notation. You could write $$0 \leqslant S - \sum_{p\leqslant x} \frac{\log p}{p} \leqslant C := \sum_{p} \frac{\log p}{p(p-1)} < \infty.$$ –  Daniel Fischer Feb 10 '14 at 22:20