# $\epsilon$-normals to convex sets

I am reading the book by B. Mordukhovich, Variational analysis and generalized differentiation I. On page 6 it is stated the following inclusion: $$\hat{N}_{\varepsilon }\left( \bar{x};\Omega \right) \supset \hat{N}\left( \bar{x};\Omega \right) +\varepsilon \mathbb{B}^{\ast }.$$ $\mathbb{B}^{\ast }$ denotes the closed unit ball in the dual space $X^{\ast }$, and if $\Omega$ is convex, then for any $\varepsilon \geq 0$ we have: $$\hat{N}_{\varepsilon }\left( \bar{x};\Omega \right) =\{x^{\ast }\in X^{\ast }\mid \langle x^{\ast },x-\bar{x}\rangle \leq \varepsilon \Vert x-\bar{x} \Vert \text{ whenever }x\in \Omega \}.$$ Furthermore $\hat{N}\left( \bar{x};\Omega \right) :=\hat{N}_{0}\left( \bar{x} ;\Omega \right)$. Mordukhovich says that for convex set $\Omega$ the above inclusion holds as equality. Unfortunately, I can't see why the reverse inclusion holds. I would be very grateful for the advice.

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Proposition 1.

(Boris S. Mordukhovich, Variational Analysis and Generalized Differentiation I, page 5)

Let $\Omega$ be a nonempty convex set in a real Banach space $X$. Given $\bar{x}\in \Omega$ and $\varepsilon\geq 0$. Then $$\widehat{N}_\varepsilon(\bar{x}; \Omega):= \{x^*\in X^*| \limsup_{x\overset{\Omega}{\rightarrow}\bar{x}}\frac{\langle x^*, x-\bar{x}\rangle}{\|x-\bar{x}\|}\leq \varepsilon\}$$ is convex and closed in the norm topology of $X^*$. Moreover, if $X$ is reflexive then it is weak$^*$ closed in $X^*$.

Prososition 2.

(Boris S. Mordukhovich, Variational Analysis and Generalized Differentiation I, Proposition 1.3)

Let $\Omega$ be a nonempty convex set in a real Banach space $X$. Then $$\widehat{N}_\varepsilon(\bar{x}; \Omega)=\{x^*\in X^*| \langle x^*, x-\bar{x}\rangle\leq \varepsilon\|x-\bar{x}\| \; \text{whenever}\; x\in\Omega\}$$ for any $\varepsilon\geq 0$ and $\bar{x}\in \Omega$. In particular, $\widehat{N}(\bar{x}; \Omega)$ agrees with the normal cone of convex analysis, i.e. $$\widehat{N}(\bar{x}; \Omega)=\{x^*\in X^*| \langle x^*, x-\bar{x}\rangle\leq 0 \; \text{whenever}\; x\in\Omega\}.$$

By using Proposition 1. and Proposition 2. we obtain the following result.

Proposition 3.

If $\Omega$ is a nonempty convex subset in a real Banach and reflexive space $X$ then $$\widehat{N}_\varepsilon(\bar{x}; \Omega)= \widehat{N}(\bar{x}; \Omega)+\varepsilon \mathbb{B}^*.$$ Proof. $(\supset)$ Suppose that $x_0^*\in \widehat{N}(\bar{x}; \Omega)$ and $u^*\in \varepsilon \mathbb{B}^*$. Then, it follows from Proposition 2. that $$\langle x_0^*, x-\bar{x}\rangle\leq 0 \quad \forall x\in \Omega.$$ Hence \begin{equation*} \begin{array}{lll} \langle x_0^*+u^*, x-\bar{x}\rangle&=&\langle x_0^*, x-\bar{x}\rangle+\langle u^*, x-\bar{x}\rangle\\ &\leq&0+\|u^*\|\|x-\bar{x}\|\\ &\leq& \varepsilon\|x-\bar{x}\| \end{array} \end{equation*} for all $x\in \Omega$. This implies that $x_0^*+u^*\in \widehat{N}_\varepsilon(\bar{x}; \Omega)$. Therefore $\widehat{N}_\varepsilon(\bar{x}; \Omega)\supset\widehat{N}(\bar{x}; \Omega)+\varepsilon \mathbb{B}^*$.

$(\subset)$ Let $\widehat{N}^*:=\widehat{N}(\bar{x}; \Omega)+\varepsilon \mathbb{B}^*$. Since $X$ is reflexive, it follows from Proposition 2. that $\widehat{N}(\bar{x}; \Omega)$ is convex and weak$^*$ closed in $X^*$. Moreover $\varepsilon \mathbb{B}^*$ is convex and weak$^*$ compact in $X^*$. Hence $\widehat{N}^*$ is nonempty ($0\in \widehat{N}^*$), weak$^*$ closed and convex in $X^*$.

Suppose that there exists $x^*\in X^*$ such that $$x^*\in \widehat{N}_\varepsilon(\bar{x}; \Omega) \; \text{and} \; x^*\notin \widehat{N}^*.$$ By the separation theorem (see W. Rudin, Functional Analysis, Theorem 3.4(b)) there exists $x\in X$ such that $$\langle x^*, x\rangle>\sup_{f^*\in \widehat{N}^*}\langle f^*, x\rangle$$ It follows from the above inequality that $$\begin{cases} \langle x^*, x\rangle>\langle f_0^*, x\rangle \quad \forall f_0^*\in \widehat{N}(\bar{x}; \Omega),&\\ \langle x^*, x\rangle>\langle f_1^*, x\rangle \quad \forall f_1^*\in \varepsilon\mathbb{B}^*.& \end{cases}$$ Since $\widehat{N}(\bar{x}; \Omega)$ is cone, we have $$\begin{cases} 0\geq\langle f_0^*, x\rangle \quad \forall f_0^*\in \widehat{N}(\bar{x}; \Omega),&\\ \langle x^*, x\rangle>\varepsilon\|x\|.& \end{cases}$$ By Proposition 2. $\widehat{N}(\bar{x}; \Omega)$ agrees with normal cone in convex analysis and so $$\begin{cases} x\in (\widehat{N}(\bar{x}; \Omega))^*=T(\bar{x}; \Omega)=\overline{\text{cone}(\Omega-\bar{x})},\\ \langle x^*, x\rangle>\varepsilon\|x\|,& \end{cases}$$ where $T(\bar{x};\Omega)$ is the tangent cone of $\Omega$ at $\bar{x}$. Then, there exist $\{t_k\}\subset\mathbb{R}^+$ and $\{x_k\}\subset\Omega$ such that $t_k(x_k-\bar{x})\rightarrow x$. Hence, for sufficiently large $k$ we have $$\langle x^*,t_k(x_k-\bar{x}) \rangle>\varepsilon\|t_k(x_k-\bar{x})\|$$ or equivalently $$\langle x^*,x_k-\bar{x} \rangle>\varepsilon\|x_k-\bar{x}\|.$$ This implies that $x^*\notin \widehat{N}_\varepsilon(\bar{x}; \Omega)$, which is an absurd.

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The proof is ok. But I do not see why you assume $X$ to be reflexive. –  Dusan Oct 21 '12 at 8:29
@Dusan: We assume $X$ to be reflexive to obtain $\widehat{N}_\varepsilon(\bar{x}; \Omega)$ is weak$^*$ closed in $X^*$. If $X$ is not reflexive, then $\widehat{N}_\varepsilon(\bar{x}; \Omega)$ is only closed in the norm topology of $X^*$ or closed in the weak topology $\sigma(X^*, X^{**})$ of $X^*$ (since $\widehat{N}_\varepsilon(\bar{x}; \Omega)$ is convex). –  blindman Oct 22 '12 at 8:19
@Dusan: We assume $X$ to be reflexive to obtain $\widehat{N}_\varepsilon(\bar{x}; \Omega)$ is weak$^*$ closed in $X^*$ (see, Boris Mordukhovich, Variational Analysis and Generalized Differentiation I, page 5, line 7). If $X$ is not reflexive, then $\widehat{N}_\varepsilon(\bar{x}; \Omega)$ is only closed in the norm topology of $X^*$ or closed in the weak topology $\sigma(X^*, X^{**})$ of $X^*$ (since $\widehat{N}_\varepsilon(\bar{x}; \Omega)$ is convex). –  blindman Oct 22 '12 at 8:35
@Dusan: Are you agree with my answer? If you accepted my answer, please click on accept button. –  blindman Oct 25 '12 at 10:29
Thank you! It was realy helpful. –  Dusan Oct 27 '12 at 18:11