Integration of $\int\frac{x^2-1}{\sqrt{x^4+1}} \, dx$

Integration of $\displaystyle \int\frac{x^2-1}{\sqrt{x^4+1}} \,dx$

$\bf{My\; Try}$:: Let $x^2=\tan \theta$ and $\displaystyle 2xdx = \sec^2 \theta \, d\theta\Rightarrow dx = \frac{\sec^2 \theta}{2\sqrt{\tan \theta}} \, d\theta$

\begin{align} & = \int\frac{\tan \theta - 1}{\sec \theta}\cdot \frac{\sec^2 \theta}{2\sqrt{\tan \theta}} \, d\theta = \frac{1}{2}\int \frac{\left(\tan \theta - 1\right)\cdot \sec \theta}{\sqrt{\tan \theta}} \, d\theta \\ & = \frac{1}{2}\int \left(\sqrt{\tan \theta}-\sqrt{\cot \theta}\right)\cdot \sec \theta \, d\theta \end{align}

Now i did not understand how can i solve it

Help me

Thanks

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Are you sure that this is doable? –  imranfat Nov 7 '13 at 16:49
See wolfram. It's not pretty. –  amWhy Nov 7 '13 at 16:53

For any real number of $x$ ,

When $|x|\leq1$ ,

$\int\dfrac{x^2-1}{\sqrt{x^4+1}}dx$

$=\int(x^2-1)\sum\limits_{n=0}^\infty\dfrac{(-1)^n(2n)!x^{4n}}{4^n(n!)^2}dx$

$=\int\sum\limits_{n=0}^\infty\dfrac{(-1)^n(2n)!x^{4n+2}}{4^n(n!)^2}dx-\int\sum\limits_{n=0}^\infty\dfrac{(-1)^n(2n)!x^{4n}}{4^n(n!)^2}dx$

$=\sum\limits_{n=0}^\infty\dfrac{(-1)^n(2n)!x^{4n+3}}{4^n(n!)^2(4n+3)}-\sum\limits_{n=0}^\infty\dfrac{(-1)^n(2n)!x^{4n+1}}{4^n(n!)^2(4n+1)}+C$

When $|x|\geq1$ ,

$\int\dfrac{x^2-1}{\sqrt{x^4+1}}dx$

$=\int\dfrac{x^2-1}{x^2\sqrt{1+\dfrac{1}{x^4}}}dx$

$=\int\left(1-\dfrac{1}{x^2}\right)\sum\limits_{n=0}^\infty\dfrac{(-1)^n(2n)!x^{-4n}}{4^n(n!)^2}dx$

$=\int\sum\limits_{n=0}^\infty\dfrac{(-1)^n(2n)!x^{-4n}}{4^n(n!)^2}dx-\int\sum\limits_{n=0}^\infty\dfrac{(-1)^n(2n)!x^{-4n-2}}{4^n(n!)^2}dx$

$=\sum\limits_{n=0}^\infty\dfrac{(-1)^n(2n)!x^{1-4n}}{4^n(n!)^2(1-4n)}-\sum\limits_{n=0}^\infty\dfrac{(-1)^n(2n)!x^{-4n-1}}{4^n(n!)^2(-4n-1)}+C$

$=\sum\limits_{n=0}^\infty\dfrac{(-1)^n(2n)!}{4^n(n!)^2(4n+1)x^{4n+1}}-\sum\limits_{n=0}^\infty\dfrac{(-1)^n(2n)!}{4^n(n!)^2(4n-1)x^{4n-1}}+C$

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Use binomial expansions of the expressions in respective integrals as given in the previous solution of the problem.

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