# A vector space is an abelian group with some extra structure?

Question: A vector space is an abelian group with some extra structure. Given two vector spaces V1 × V2, show that the group V1 × V2 is a vector space.

Can someone explain to me the first sentence? Especially why it is commutative? As to the second sentence, is it just saying the product of vector spaces is vector space? Why it mentions "group" V1 × V2 particularly?

-
Part of the definition of a vector space is that it has an addition which is commutative (and makes it a group). Note that for this question to be correct, you need the two vectorspaces to be over the same field. – Tobias Kildetoft Sep 13 '13 at 12:44
Hi Tobias, thx for pointing it out, I do miss that part. – Bob Sep 13 '13 at 13:05

As you will recall, a (real) vector space is a set $A$ together with operations ${+}: A\times A\to A$ and ${\cdot}:\mathbb R\times A\to A$ that satisfy certain conditions. It happens that those conditions imply that $(A,{+})$ is an abelian group. So if you take any vector space and forget how scalar multiplication works, what is left is an abelian group.

Conversely, you can also imagine that the vector space arose by taking an abelian group and then defining a scalar multiplication for it -- this is the sense in which one can say that a vector space "is an abelian group with additional structure"; the "additional structure" is the scalar multiplication. Note that it is not all abelian groups that can be made into vector spaces in this way, and some abelian groups have more than one possible scalar multiplication -- the same group can be made into a several different vector spaces by choosing different multiplication operations.

When the exercise says "the group $V_1\times V_2$", it is to underscore that the $\times$ there is a product of groups, so when you see $V_1\times V_2$ you only have a single operation, namely the group operation (which will become the addition in the vector space you're going to construct).

When it asks you to prove that $V_1\times V_2$ "is a vector space", it's using sloppy language. What it really means is to prove that the product group can be made into a vector space by finding an appropriate scalar multiplication $\mathbb R\times(V_1\times V_2)\to V_1\times V_2$ and showing that it satisfies the conditions for a vector space. It is up to you to puzzle out a scalar multiplication that will make this work; it doesn't already exist as a part of the group product $V_1\times V_2$.

-

"A vector space is an abelian group with some extra structure." This follows from the axioms of a vector space. There are eight of them and the first four ones say exactly that $V$ is an abelian group:

1. $\forall u,v,w\in V:\ u+(v+w)=(u+v)+w$,
2. $\forall u\in V:\ u+0=u$,
3. $\forall u\in V\ \exists -u\in V:\ u+(-u)=0$,
4. $\forall u,v\in V:\ u+v=v+u$

1-3 say that $V$ is a group, 4 says it is abelian. Now what about the rest of axioms? They concern the multiplication by scalars and they are as follows:

1. $\forall a\in\mathbb{K}\ \forall u,v\in V:\ a\cdot(u+v)=(a\cdot u)+(a\cdot v)$,
2. $\forall a,b\in\mathbb{K}\ \forall u\in V:\ (a+b)\cdot u=(a\cdot u)+(b\cdot u)$,
3. $\forall a,b\in\mathbb{K}\ \forall u\in V:\ a\cdot(b\cdot u)=(ab)\cdot u$,
4. $\forall u\in V:\ 1_\mathbb{K}\cdot u=u$.

($1_\mathbb{K}$ is the multiplicative neutral element of the field $\mathbb{K}$). What do those axioms say? Let $End(V)$ be the ring of all endomorphisms of $V$ (ie. all group homomorphisms of $V$ into $V$). The multiplication in $End(V)$ is just a composition of functions and its neutral element is the identity function $id_V$: $id_V(u)=u$. Now what does it have to do with Axioms 5-8? They define a homomorphism from $\mathbb{K}$ into $End(V)$! How? Let $\varphi:\mathbb{K}\to End(V)$ be defined as follows $\varphi(a)(u)=a\cdot u$ where $a\in\mathbb{K}$ and $u\in V$. For each $a\in\mathbb{K}$ $\varphi(a)$ is a function from $V$ into $V$ -- it takes an element of $V$ and multiplies it by the scalar $a$. Axiom 5 say that for every $a\in\mathbb{K}$ $\varphi(a)$ is an endomorphism of $V$ ($\varphi(a)\in End(V)$), ie. $\varphi(a)$ is linear. Axioms 6-8 say that $\varphi$ is a homomorphisms between rings $\mathbb{K}$ (every field is a ring with multiplicative identity) and $End(V)$. This homomorphism $\varphi$ is the additional structure you are asking about.

-

In a vector space you can add vectors $v,w$ to get $v+w$, and one of the axioms is that $v+w = w+v$, so addition is commutative. You also have a zero vector $v+0=0+v=v$, so there is a group identity, and the other group properties also hold (inverse, associativity). However, in a vector space you can also multiply by a real number (and this multiplication has certain properties, like distributivity, etc.) which does not make sense if you only thought of the vector space as a group.

Defining vector spaces this way is quicker than defining then directly, because vector spaces have lots of axioms, many of which overlap with group axioms. The product of vector spaces is a group, because the product of groups is a group. So now you have a few more axioms to verify about $V_1 \times V_2$ to prove it is a vector space, but you don't need to waste time proving associativity or commutativity, which follow from group theory.

-

Henning's answer is brilliant. But just to use some fancy language, a vector space is a more specific case of a module, in which the field of scalars has been replaced by a ring of scalars. Note that even a ring is always an additive abelian group, irrespective of how the multiplication looks. So the commutative nature of addition is sort of adapted in building a module and even a vector space.

-
@anon Oh, right. – Pedro Tamaroff Sep 14 '13 at 21:09