# Prove that $A$ is bounded operator on $\ell^p$ and find $\| A\|$

For which one $p \ge 1$ is with $$A(x_n)_{n=1}^{\infty}=\left(\frac{1}{m}\sum_{n=1}^{m}\frac{x_n}{\sqrt{n}}\right)_{m=1}^{\infty}$$ defined bounded linear operator $A:\ell^p \to \ell^p$? Find norm $\| A\|.$

First, I have to show that if $x = (x_n)_{n=1}^{\infty} \in \ell^p$ then $\displaystyle y=(y_m)_{m=1}^{\infty} \stackrel{\text{def}}{=}\left(\frac{1}{m}\sum_{n=1}^{m}\frac{x_n}{\sqrt{n}}\right)_{m=1}^{\infty} \in \ell^p$, that is $\displaystyle\sqrt[p]{\sum_{m=1}^{\infty}|y_m|^p} < +\infty.$

All right, \begin{align*} |y_m|=\left|\frac{1}{m}\sum_{n=1}^{m}\frac{x_n}{\sqrt{n}}\right|&\leq\frac{1}{m} \sum_{n=1}^{m} \frac{|x_n|}{\sqrt{n}}\\ &\stackrel{\star}{\leq}\frac{1}{m} \sqrt[p]{\sum_{n=1}^{m}|x_n|^p} \sqrt[q]{\sum_{n=1}^{m} n^{-q/2}} \\ &\leq \frac{\| x \|_p}{m}\sqrt[q]{\sum_{n=1}^{m} n^{-q/2}}.\end{align*}

So \begin{align*} \sum_{m=1}^{\infty} |y_m|^p &\leq \sum_{m=1}^{\infty} \left|\frac{\| x \|_p}{m}\sqrt[q]{\sum_{n=1}^{m} n^{-q/2}}\right|^p\\&=\sum_{m=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{m^p} \| x\|^p_p \left(\sum_{n=1}^{m} n^{-q/2}\right)^{p/q}\\ &\leq \|x\|^p_p \sum_{m=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{m^p} \left(\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} n^{-q/2}\right)^{p/q} \end{align*}

If I see well, last sum is convergent for $q/2 >1 \iff q>2$ and $p>1$ (but with condition $1/p + 1/q =1$).

I think my estimate is too sharp.

And we find that $$\| A \| \leq \sqrt[p]{\sum_{m=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{m^p} \left(\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} n^{-q/2}\right)^{p/q}}$$

But for part (if my approximation is good enough) with $\geq$ I don't have idea (to be honest, I used Hölder inequality, so we want $x_n = c \frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}$, that will give us something divergent I think so).

$\star$ - one doubt also: I used here Hölder inequality, but that works only for $p,q >1$, but in my question we have $p \geq 1$, so basically I have to work case $p=1$ as separate?

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I think Hölder inequality works for all $1\leq p,q\leq +\infty$ such that $\frac{1}{p}+\frac{1}{q}=1$. – Neph May 31 '13 at 22:02

In your last estimate, you changed $m$ to $\infty$, and there was no reason for that step, as you already had an upper bound.

One way to get a lower bound for the norm of $A$ is as follows. Fix $k\in\mathbb N$. Let $$x_n=\begin{cases}\frac{n^{-\frac1{2(p-1)}}}{\left(\sum_{n=1}^kn^{-q/2}\right)^{1/p}},&\ \mbox{ if } n\leq k\\ \ \phantom\int\\ 0,&\ \mbox{ if }n>k \end{cases}$$ Then $$\|Ax\|_p^p=\sum_{m=1}^\infty|(Ax)_m|^p\geq\sum_{m=1}^k|(Ax)_m|^p=\sum_{m=1}^k\left|\frac1m\sum_{n=1}^m\frac1{\sqrt n}\frac{n^{-\frac1{2(p-1)}}}{\left(\sum_{n=1}^kn^{-q/2}\right)^{1/p}}\right|^p\\ =\sum_{m=1}^k\left|\frac1m\sum_{n=1}^m\frac{n^{-q/2}}{\left(\sum_{n=1}^kn^{-q/2}\right)^{1/p}}\right|^p=\sum_{m=1}^k\frac1{m^p}\,\left(\sum_{n=1}^mn^{-q/2}\right)^{p-1}\\ =\sum_{m=1}^k\frac1{m^p}\,\left(\sum_{n=1}^mn^{-q/2}\right)^{p/q}.$$ As we can do this for any $k\in\mathbb N$, $$\|A\|=\left(\sum_{m=1}^\infty\frac1{m^p}\,\left(\sum_{n=1}^mn^{-q/2}\right)^{p/q}\right)^{1/p},$$ as you already had the upper bound.

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Thank you Martin for this. Could you just put a line or two of explanation for $\| Ax \|_p^p \geq \ldots$, because I am having trouble to understand it well. – Cortizol Jun 1 '13 at 10:24
I have added a few lines. I don't know if that is what you were looking for. – Martin Argerami Jun 1 '13 at 14:45
Do we need here $\sum_{m=1}^k \left| \frac 1m \sum_{n=1}^m \frac {n^{-q/2}}{\left(\sum_{n=1}^kn^{-q/2} \right)^{1/p}} \right|^p = \sum_{m=1}^k \frac 1{m^p} \, \left( \sum_{n=1}^m n^{-q/2} \right)^{p-1}$ sign $\leq$ instead $=$, because, if I see good, $m \leq k$, so $\sum_{n=1}^k n^{-q/2} \geq \sum_{n=1}^m n^{-q/2}$. And that might be problem. I am probably wrong, I am very tired. – Cortizol Jun 1 '13 at 15:40
I am sorry, but something is wrong with Comment, and I can't edit him because it's too long – Cortizol Jun 1 '13 at 15:43
@ArthurFischer Thank you very much (at least, I voted for you, so I have some use of it :-)) – Cortizol Jun 1 '13 at 16:14

Brute force and Hölder give us, with $\frac1p+\frac1q=1$, \begin{align} \sum_{m=1}^\infty\left|\frac1m\sum_{n=1}^m\frac{x_n}{\sqrt{n}}\right|^p &\le\sum_{m=1}^\infty\frac1{m^p}\left(\sum_{n=1}^m\frac{|x_n|}{\sqrt{n}}\right)^p\\ &\le\sum_{m=1}^\infty\frac1{m^p}\|x_n\|_p^p\left(\sum_{n=1}^m\frac1{n^{q/2}}\right)^{p/q}\\ &\le\|x_n\|_p^p\sum_{m=1}^\infty\frac1{m^p}\left(2\sqrt{m}\right)^{p-1}\tag{q\ge1}\\ &=2^{p-1}\|x_n\|_p^p\zeta\left(\frac{p+1}{2}\right) \end{align} Thus, $A$ is bounded for $p\gt1$ with norm no greater than $2^{1-1/p}\zeta\left(\frac{p+1}{2}\right)^{1/p}\le2\,\zeta\left(\frac{p+1}{2}\right)$.

For $(x_n)=(1,0,0,\dots)\in\ell^1$, $$\frac1m\sum_{n=1}^m\frac{x_n}{\sqrt{n}}=\frac1m$$ Thus, we cannot have that $A$ is bounded on $\ell^1$.

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How did you find that $\displaystyle\sum_{n=1}^{m} n^{-q/2} \leq 2 \sqrt{m}$ (if I see good, because $p/q=p-1$, so you didn't change that). It's probably something obvious, but I can't see it. And thanks for example that $A$ is unbounded on $\ell^1$. – Cortizol Jun 1 '13 at 7:47
@Cortizol: since $q\ge1$, we have that $$\sum_{n=1}^m n^{-q/2}\le\sum_{n=1}^m n^{-1/2}\le\int_0^m\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\sqrt{x}}=2\sqrt{m}$$ – robjohn Jun 1 '13 at 11:27
Now everything is clear. Thank you Rob for your help. I accepted Martin answer because he found sequence $(x_n)$ such that $\| A \| \geq \ldots$, I hope that is all right with you. – Cortizol Jun 1 '13 at 16:36