# Does $e$ have a geometric representation? [duplicate]

Just like $\pi$ is the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter? I know that the tangent line to the function $e^x$ has a slope of $e^x$ at that point, but is there some other geometric representation? Thanks!

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## marked as duplicate by Rahul, Sasha, Amzoti, Bombyx mori, PaulMay 6 '13 at 3:25

I'd love to see an answer to this question that's expressed in terms of "standard" geometric objects like circles and rectangles, rather than functions like $1/x$. (I don't know of one myself.) –  Nathaniel May 6 '13 at 2:48
@Nathaniel You may find the article in my answer interesting, though perhaps technically different from what you seek. –  Gyu Eun Lee May 6 '13 at 3:22
@proximal thanks, that is indeed interesting! –  Nathaniel May 6 '13 at 4:02

Consider the area under the hyperbola $y=\frac{1}{x}$, above the $x$-axis, from $1$ to $a$. This area is $1$ precisely if $a=e$.

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In this article http://arxiv.org/abs/0704.1282, Jonathan Sondow describes a geometric construction of the number $e$ that's different in flavor from the other answers. The idea is that his construction is a geometric representation of the identity $$\sum_{i=1}^\infty\frac{1}{n!}.$$

It's very readable for anyone who's familiar with convergence of sequences, so anyone who's taken and understood second-semester calculus.

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Haha I'm actually in calc AB (equivalent of first semester) but I'll give it a shot! –  Ovi May 6 '13 at 2:53
The article is actually pretty cool in several respects - not only does it geometrically prove that $e$ is irrational, it gives you a way to tell just how irrational it is. –  Gyu Eun Lee May 6 '13 at 2:58
I don't have time to read it right now but it does look interesting and I'll look at it later –  Ovi May 6 '13 at 3:01

As $\int_1^e \dfrac{1}{x} dx = 1$, we can say that $e$ is the length along the $x$-axis giving the area of $1$ beneath the curve $y= \dfrac{1}{x}$. (See picture.)

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Normally we work with this as follows: we introduce the $\ln$ function as the function that measures the area bellow the hyperbola $xy=1$ from $x=1$ to some other point $x=t$ so that we can define it as:

$$\ln t=\int_1^t \frac{dx}{x}$$

Then you prove that this function possess the properties that you want. There's a number $x$ then such that you have $\ln x = 1$ and this number is what we call $e$ so that we have:

$$\ln e=\int_1^e \frac{dx}{x}=1$$

Now you have defined this number $e$ simply as the coordinate of the point $x$ such that the area bellow the hyperbola $xy=1$ from $x = 1$ to $x=e$ is unity. With some tricks them you can find estimates to this number and even show that it's transcedental.

I don't think it's just a matter of the tangent line at the general point having slope $e^x$. Rather, as the graph crosses the $y$-axis, the slope is exactly one. In fact, this gives us a way to approximate $e$ in the first place.
Examine the graphs of functions of the form $f(x)=a^x$. As $a$ increases, these get steeper. When $a=2$, the slope of the graph as it crosses the $y$-axis is around $0.69$. When $a=3$, the slope of the graph as it crosses the $y$-axis is about $1.09$. There is a very special number between $2$ and $3$ where the slope is exactly $1$. This number is probably a bit closer to $3$ than to $2$.
I think you have a typo in the last slope, because $\ln(3)\approx 1.10$. –  Jonas Meyer May 6 '13 at 3:17
OK. (It is closer to $1.10$ than $1.09$.) –  Jonas Meyer May 6 '13 at 3:19
True. It's really close to $\log(3)$. :) –  Mark McClure May 6 '13 at 3:20