Is this integral right?

$$\pi\int_0^{x}\left(\cot(\pi t)-\frac{1}{\pi t}\right)dt=\log\frac{\sin(\pi x)}{\pi x}$$

Is this integral right? Regardless of whether it's right or not, please give me a procedure in detail, because I am not good at mathematics.

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One side looks $x$ dependent, while the left hand side looks independent of it. Did you try differentiating $\log\left (\frac{\sin\pi x}{\pi x}\right)$? –  Pedro Tamaroff Apr 27 '13 at 0:24
Thank you for your question. It would help us to tell you if your solution is right, if you shared more details of how you did it. –  vadim123 Apr 27 '13 at 0:25
@Peter: I assumed that the limit of the integral was intended to be $x$; the image isn't sharp enough to quite make out whether it's an $x$ or a $\pi$. –  Zev Chonoles Apr 27 '13 at 0:26

If all you need to do is test equality, the simplest way is as follows:

1. Take the derivative of each side, using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus on the left side. They need to agree, of course.

2. Check that they agree at some value; the easiest is $x=0$. As $x\rightarrow 0$ the LHS approaches $0$ since the endpoints agree, and also $\frac{\sin \pi x}{\pi x}\rightarrow 1$ so the RHS approaches $0$ as well.

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Hint: Think about using a $u$-substitution after integrating each term by itself.

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We first integrate $\cot \pi t$. Note that $\cot \pi x=\frac{\cos \pi t}{\sin \pi t}$. Let $u=\sin \pi t$. So $du=\pi\cos \pi t \,dt$. It follows that $$\int \frac{\cos \pi t}{\sin \pi t}\,dt=\int \frac{1}{\pi}\frac{1}{u}\,du=\frac{1}{\pi}\log(|u|)+C=\frac{1}{\pi}\log(|\sin\pi t|+C.$$ It is easy to see that $\int \frac{dt}{\pi t}=\frac{1}{\pi}\log(|t|)+D.$ But we want a $\log(|\pi t|)$. That's no problem, since $\log(|t|)$ and $\log(|\pi t|)$ differ by a constant. Alternately, we can obtain the $\pi t$ directly by letting $u=\pi t$.

Thus the integral of the difference, if we use the fact that $\log(a)-\log b=\log(a/b)$, is given by $$\frac{1}{\pi}\log\left(\left|\frac{\sin \pi t}{\pi t}\right|\right)+E.$$

Since $\pi t$ and $\sin \pi t$ always have the same sign, we can remove the absolute value symbols. And the $\pi$ in front of the given integral lets us get rid of the $\pi$ in the denominator.

Now there is potentially little problem, since both $\log(|\sin \pi t|)$ and $\log(|t|)$ blow up as $t$ approaches $0$ from the right. We need to find $$\frac{1}{\pi}\lim_{\epsilon\to 0+}\int_0^x \left(\cot \pi t-\frac{1}{\pi t}\right)\,dt.$$ This is $\log\left(\frac{\sin \pi x}{\pi x}\right)-\lim_{\epsilon \to 0^+}\log\left(\frac{\sin \pi \epsilon}{\pi \epsilon}\right)$. The required limit is $0$, since $\frac{\sin w}{w}$ approaches $1$ as $w$ approaches $0$. The required result follows.

Remark: In order to simply verify the correctness of the integral, we need only check that the function on the right satisfies the conditions of the Fundamental Theorem of calculus, differentiate, and verify that we get the right answer at $x=0$. But there is still a technical problem, since $\log \frac{\sin \pi x}{\pi x}$ is not defined at $0$. So we need to show that the natural extension of the function, obtained by defining the function to be $0$ at $0$, satisfies the conditions of the Fundamental Theorem.

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:why pit and sinpit always the same sign? –  park ning Apr 27 '13 at 4:21
sorry, I cann't understand what you said.For example t=3/2, pit is positive and sinpit is negtive.By the way, I am a freshman in stackexchange. How can I input mathematics fomula like you? And do you have a tutorial about how to input mathematics fomula? –  park ning Apr 27 '13 at 4:44
Sorry,I still can't understand what you said.If I think of negative angles as rotations clockwise, and positive counter clockwise,-pi/2=3pi/2.But sin(3pi/2) and 3pi/2 don't have the same sign.Why? –  park ning Apr 27 '13 at 5:07
why is t always a negtive number? –  park ning Apr 27 '13 at 5:19
There no assumption that $t$ is negative. The system is objecting to the length of the comment string. So I will delete most of mine. Perhaps you could do something similar. This will make room for further questions, if you have any! –  André Nicolas Apr 27 '13 at 5:24