# Evaluate the Series in Closed Form.

$$\displaystyle\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(-1)^n}{n^2+a^2}$$

Bearing in mind there is no "$x$" term, I would assume the solution involves instituting some form of $x^n$ and letting $S=f(1)$. I've tried doing so, along with taking derivatives of the function, hoping to somehow turn the series into a DE, so that the original function can be obtained. I've worked on it for hours, I'm baffled. Any help is appreciated.

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Do you have a reason to think that this series has a closed form expression? –  mixedmath Mar 19 '13 at 8:13
This may be done with Fourier series as proposed by muzzlator as shown in this answer (or with residus as shown by Argon). See $\frac 1{\sin(\pi z)}$ where you'll have to replace $z$ by $ia$. –  Raymond Manzoni Mar 19 '13 at 8:36

Series like these may be evaluated by the Residue Theorem:

$$\sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} (-1)^n f(n) = -\sum_k \text{Res}_{z=z_k}[ \pi \csc{(\pi z)} f(z)]$$

where the $z_k$ are poles of $f$ away from the real line.

$$f(z) = \frac{1}{z^2+a^2}$$

The poles of $f$ are at $z_{\pm} = \pm i a$. Then the sum on the right is

$$-\pi \left( \frac{-i\, \text{csch}{(\pi a)}}{i 2 a} + \frac{i\, \text{csch}{(\pi a)}}{-i 2 a}\right )$$

Therefore,

$$\sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} \frac{(-1)^n}{n^2+a^2} = \frac{\pi}{a} \text{csch}{(\pi a)}$$

and

$$\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(-1)^n}{n^2+a^2} = \frac{1}{2} \left ( \frac{\pi}{a} \text{csch}{(\pi a)} + \frac{1}{a^2}\right)$$

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That's really cool. I had heard of residue theory being used to calculate sums before but I have never seen it actually done –  muzzlator Mar 19 '13 at 8:24
@muzzlator: in cases like this, it is very simple to apply. –  Ron Gordon Mar 19 '13 at 8:26
Thank you much. You can't imagine the frustration I've had this past 12 hours. I would have never guessed... Thanks again! –  Gerg Mar 19 '13 at 8:47
@Gerg: I am glad this helped you, and I hope you got the point for future, similar problems. Please remember to accept the solution you like best. –  Ron Gordon Mar 19 '13 at 8:49
@RonGordon I don't know the residue theorem in this form, do you have a reference to this result please? –  Sami Ben Romdhane Mar 19 '13 at 9:22