Let $\displaystyle\varphi:\bigoplus_{d=0}^\infty S_d\rightarrow \bigoplus_{d=0}^\infty T_d$ be a morphism of commutative graded rings (with identity) and suppose that there exists $d_0$ such that $\varphi_d:S_d\rightarrow T_d$ is a bijection for all $d\geq d_0$. Can we say something about the ring homomorphism $\varphi_0:S_0\rightarrow T_0$?, for example, does it take prime ideals into prime ideals?.

Actually, my aim is to prove that there exists a bijection between the set $\mbox{Proj}\ S$ of homogeneous prime ideals of $S$ which do not contain $S_+$ and the set $\mbox{Proj}\ T$ homogeneous prime ideals of $T$ which do not contain $T_+$. One side is easy: take $f:\mbox{Proj}\ T\rightarrow \mbox{Proj}\ S$ the map $f(\mathfrak{q})=\varphi^{-1}(\mathfrak{q})$. I have problem to define an inverse map of this map.

Any help will be strongly appreciated.

Diego

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Of course nothing can be said about $\phi_0$. – Martin Brandenburg Feb 20 '13 at 20:14
For all you know, we have $S_d=T_d=0$ for all $d>0$! – Mariano Suárez-Alvarez Feb 20 '13 at 20:15
Why? I can't see this. – Martin Brandenburg Feb 20 '13 at 21:01
@MartinBrandenburg, For all we know, we might have that, and in that case the fact that $\phi$ induces an isomorphism in large degree is useless to say anything about what it does in degree zero. – Mariano Suárez-Alvarez Feb 21 '13 at 5:31

Your map $f$ is not well-defined (when $\phi$ is not surjective), since it may happen that $\phi^{-1}(\mathfrak{q})$ contains the irrelevant ideal. Instead of defining $f$ globally, you can use the affine covering of the Proj scheme. It suffices to prove that a) the ring homomorphism $S_{(f)} \to T_{(\phi(f))}$ induced by $\phi$ is an isomorphism for every homogeneous $f \in S$ of positive degree, b) the basic open subsets $D(\phi(f))$ cover $\mathrm{Proj}(T)$.
Hint for b): If $g \in T$ is homogeneous of positive degree, choose some $n \geq 1$ such that $g^n$ has degree $\geq d_0$.
Actually $f$ is well defined. Define $U=\{\mathfrak{q}\in \mbox{Proj}\ T:\mathfrak{q}\nsupseteq \varphi(S_+)\}$. Then $f$ is clearly defined in $U$. The condition that $\varphi_d$ is a bijection for all $d\geq d_0$ ensures that $U=\mbox{Proj}\ T$. This is because if some homogeneous prime ideal contains $\varphi(S_+)$ then it contains $\bigoplus_{d\geq d_0} T_d$ and therefore it contains $T_+$. – Diego Feb 20 '13 at 23:18