# What is the difference between the dimension of $\mathcal{M}_1(\Gamma)$ and $\mathcal{S}_1(\Gamma)$?

There is a formula given in the book saying that $$\dim{\mathcal{M}_1(\Gamma)}=\dim\mathcal{S}_1(\Gamma)+\frac{\varepsilon^{\text{reg}}_\infty}{2}$$

Where $\varepsilon^{\text{reg}}_\infty$ means the number of regular cusps of $X(\Gamma)$.

But I think it is a typo and the difference should be $\varepsilon^{\text{reg}}_\infty$.

But on the other hand, we have no explicit formula for $\dim{\mathcal{M}_1(\Gamma)}$, only knowing that it is greater or equal to $\varepsilon^{\text{reg}}_\infty/2$ (proved in the book).

So I wonder if indeed the difference is $\varepsilon^{\text{reg}}_\infty$, why don't the authors state the stronger consequence $\dim{\mathcal{M}_1(\Gamma)}\geq \varepsilon^{\text{reg}}_\infty$?

So anyone know the correct result?

updated:

The book I'm reading the GTM228, A First Course In Modular Forms [by Diamond and Shurman], and the conclusion is on page 91, theorem 3.6.1.

There is another reasons for me to think the difference is $\varepsilon^\text{reg}_\infty$ rather than half of it: is there any theorem ganrantee that $\varepsilon^\text{reg}_\infty$ is even? For dimensions are both integer.

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I think you are right about $\epsilon_{\infty}^{reg}$. For greater than $\epsilon_{\infty}^{reg}/2$ part, can you give a reference? –  user27126 Jan 12 '13 at 18:36
I'm pretty sure the fomula given in the book is correct. The dimension of the weight 1 Eisenstein series is half the dimension of the Eisenstein series of odd weight $k\ge3$. –  David Loeffler Jan 12 '13 at 20:14
PS: Which book are we talking about, by the way? –  David Loeffler Jan 12 '13 at 20:35
@Sanchez, I have updated my post. –  hxhxhx88 Jan 13 '13 at 1:20
@DavidLoeffler, I have updated my post, and how is Eisenstein series involved here? –  hxhxhx88 Jan 13 '13 at 1:21

I'm going to put together into an answer some of the things I've said in the comments.

Firstly, there is a direct sum decomposition

$$M_k(\Gamma) = S_k(\Gamma) \oplus N_k(\Gamma)$$

where $N_k(\Gamma)$ is the dimension of the space of weight $k$ Eisenstein series, which are defined to be those modular forms $f$ such that $\langle f, g \rangle_{\Gamma} = 0$ for all $g \in S_k(\Gamma)$ where $\langle, \rangle_{\Gamma}$ denotes the Petersson product. So the difference between $\dim M_k(\Gamma)$ and $\dim S_k(\Gamma)$ is $\dim N_k(\Gamma)$.

The dimension of $N_k$ is given by $$\dim N_k(\Gamma) = \begin{cases} \varepsilon_{\infty} & \text{if k \ge 4 even}\\ \varepsilon_{\infty}^{\text{reg}} & \text{if k \ge 3 odd}\\ \varepsilon_{\infty} - 1 & \text{if k = 2}\\ \varepsilon_{\infty}^{\text{reg}} / 2 & \text{if k = 1}. \end{cases}$$

Rather than running through the proof (for which it's easier to just look in D + S) I suggest the following might make the result more believable. (Warning: I'm doing this from memory, it's Sunday and all my books are in the office, so some formulae may be slightly wrong.)

Suppose $\Gamma = \Gamma_1(N)$. Then for any primitive Dirichlet characters $\chi_1, \chi_2$ of conductors $N_1, N_2$ such that $N_1 N_2 \mid N$ and $\chi_1(-1) \chi_2(-1) = (-1)^k$, then there is an Eisenstein series $E_{k, \chi_1, \chi_2}$ given by $$\text{constant} + \sum_{n \ge 1} \left( \sum_{d \mid n} \chi_1(d) \chi_2(n/d) d^{k-1} \right) q^n$$ (the constant is either 0 or some value of a Dirichlet $L$-function). If $k = 2$ there's an additional constraint to the effect that $\chi_1$ and $\chi_2$ aren't both trivial. And the space $N_k(\Gamma_1(N))$ is spanned by series of the form $E_{k, \chi_1, \chi_2}(q^t)$ for $t$ dividing $N / (N_1 N_2)$.

Now, for $k$ an odd integer the set of pairs of Dirichlet characters $(\chi_1, \chi_2)$ that can come up is independent of $k$; but for $k = 1$ there is an extra symmetry, because $E_{1, \chi_2, \chi_1} = E_{1, \chi_1, \chi_2}$, and that cuts the size of the resulting set in half. So that gives a reason why one should expect $$\dim N_1(\Gamma) = 1/2 \dim N_{2k + 1}(\Gamma)$$ for any $k \ge 1$.

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Thank you soooo much! –  hxhxhx88 Jan 13 '13 at 13:14