# order of growth of entire function

Show that $$f(z)=\frac{\sin\sqrt z}{\sqrt z}$$ is an entire function of finite order $\rho$ and determine $\rho$.

I observed that the two determinations of the square root differ only for the signum. Since $\sin(-z)=-\sin z$, we have that $f(z)$ is well defined, and entire because it's the ratio of two entire functions with denominator never vanishing. For the order i use the Taylor expansion $$\sin z=\sum_{n=0}^{+\infty}(-1)^n\frac{z^{2n+1}}{(2n+1)!}$$ which for $z=\sqrt z$ gives $$\sin\sqrt z=\sum_{n=0}^{+\infty}(-1)^n\frac{z^{n}\sqrt z}{(2n+1)!}$$ Thus $$\frac{\sin\sqrt z}{\sqrt z}=\sum_{n=0}^{+\infty}(-1)^n\frac{z^{n}}{(2n+1)!}$$ Then we have $$(2n+1)!\geq2^n n!$$ hence $$|\frac{\sin\sqrt z}{\sqrt z}|\leq\sum_{n=0}^{+\infty}\frac{(\frac{|z|}{2})^{n}}{n!}=e^{|z|/2}$$

This (if correct) shows that $\rho\leq\frac{1}{2}$. How can be shown the identity?

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There are a few mistakes here. The series for $\sin z$ is not quite right. You mean: $$\sin z = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(-1)^nz^{n+1}}{(2n+1)!} \, .$$ When you change from the series for $\sin z$ to the series for $\sin \sqrt{z}$, you seem to change $z^{2n}$ to $z^n\sqrt{z}$. This isn't correct. $(\sqrt{z})^{2n} = (z^{1/2})^{2n} = z^{2n/2} = z^n$. In fact: $$\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(-1)^nz^n\sqrt{z}}{(2n+1)!} = \frac{\sqrt{z}\sinh \sqrt{-z}}{\sqrt{-z}} \, .$$ –  Fly by Night Jan 9 '13 at 20:08
sorry, there was an error in the $sin z$ series, i've edited. thank you –  Federica Maggioni Jan 9 '13 at 20:09
Remember: You can use \sin \cos \tan \sec \cot and \csc for the trig' functions in LaTeX, i.e. $\sin z$ instead of $sin z$. –  Fly by Night Jan 9 '13 at 20:14

To show $\rho \geq 1/2$, write

$$f(z) = \frac{\sin \sqrt{z}}{\sqrt{z}} = \frac{e^{i\sqrt{z}}-e^{-i\sqrt{z}}}{2i\sqrt{z}}$$

and show that

$$f(-x) \sim \frac{e^{\sqrt{x}}}{2\sqrt{x}}$$

as $x \to \infty$ with $x > 0$.

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$f(-x)=\frac{e^{-\sqrt x} -e^{\sqrt x}}{-2\sqrt x}$, dividing this by $-\frac{e^{\sqrt x}}{2\sqrt x}$ i get something which tends to 1 as x goes to $\infty$. Hence $f(-x)$ is asymptotic to what you said. Now, why this implies the order of growth is greater then one-half? does asymptotic implies $O(x^{1/2})$? –  Federica Maggioni Jan 9 '13 at 20:57
@FedericaMaggioni, If $f$ is of order $\rho$ then $$|f(z)| \leq C \exp(|z|^\rho)$$ for $|z|$ large enough, so that $$|f(z)| \exp(-|z|^\rho)$$ is bounded. In particular, $$|f(-x)| \exp(-x^\rho)$$ is bounded as $x \to \infty$. Now suppose $\rho < 1/2$ and use the asymptotic estimate. –  Antonio Vargas Jan 9 '13 at 21:10
substituting the asymptotic estimate in the last equation i get something which goes to infinite at numerator faster than denominator, contraddicting the boundness. –  Federica Maggioni Jan 9 '13 at 21:17
@FedericaMaggioni exactly. –  Antonio Vargas Jan 9 '13 at 21:17