# Substitution in lambda calculus

I have just started reading lambda calculus. In substitution it says

$(\lambda x.M)N= [N/x]M$ (means all the free occurrences of $x$ in $M$ will be substituted by $N$)

But $x$ is a bound variable. I dont get this point. Thanks

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Just to add to the other answers: Don't forget that a substitution only makes sense if it is capture-avoiding. –  Petr Pudlák Jan 14 at 18:19

The variable $x$ is bound in "$\lambda x.M$", but it is (or more properly might be) free in "$M$". The $\lambda$ symbol acts as a quantifier here.

This is just personal preference, but I would find the substitution much more suggestive if it were written as $M[x:=N]$ (in $M$ replace each $x$ by $N$) rather than as $[N/x]M$.

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[N/x]M is standard notation. –  ryu jin Jan 9 at 15:47
@ryujin: Even if it is standard notation in $\lambda$-calculus, I don't like it. Substitution occurs outside $\lambda$-calculus as well (it is a standard operation for polynomials for instance) where a slash is bound to cause confusion with a division operator. It would be nice if we could use the same notation for the same operation everywhere. –  Marc van Leeuwen Jan 14 at 20:38
If I point to the $M$ in $(\lambda x.M)N$, $x$ is bound in it (by the lambda).
but if I point to the $M$ in $[N/x]M$ or simply the $M$ in the expression $M$, $x$ is free because nothing is binding it.