# Spectrum of doubly stochastic matrices

Let $M$ be a doubly stochastic matrix in which every entry is strictly positive.

Prove that for any eigenvalue $\lambda$ we have $\lambda \neq 1 \Longrightarrow |\lambda|< 1$ and the geometric and algebraic multiplicity of the eigenvalue $1$ are the same.

I'm sure this is trivial, but I can't see it! Thanks.

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is this homework? If so, please tag it as such. Also, can you provide some details of some of things you've tried and where you got stuck? Regards –  Amzoti Jan 3 '13 at 2:04

Got it, thanks. Does that also imply in someway that the multiplicities of $1$ are the same? Oops. Actually I didn't get it. I can only show that $|p| \leq 1$. Can't prove it's strictly smaller than 1. –  Linna Jan 3 '13 at 2:21
$\lambda=-1$ is a possibility. –  Chris Godsil Jan 3 '13 at 2:40
In order to use the Perron-Frobenius theorem I need $M$ to be irreducible which doesn't necessarily happen, I believe. –  Linna Jan 3 '13 at 2:41
Ok, but why can't $\lambda$ be $-1$ or any root of $1$ for that matter? –  Linna Jan 3 '13 at 2:50