# Proving that the dual of the $\mathcal{l}_p$ norm is the $\mathcal{l}_q$ norm.

Let $\| \cdot \|$ be a norm on $\mathbb{R}^n$. The associated dual norm, denoted $\| \cdot \|_*$ is defined as $\| z \|_* = \sup\{ z^{t} x : \| x \| < 1 \}$.

Does someone know how prove that the dual norm of the $\mathcal l_{p}$ norm is the $\mathcal l_{q}$ norm? It's not homework. I've been reading about norms and it was stated without proof in a book. Thanks.

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Are you familiar with Hölder's inequality? – Alfonso Fernandez Dec 27 '12 at 3:05
hi: yes, I know that it says that \sum_{i=1}^{n} x_i y_i <= (\sum_{i=1}^{n} (|x_{i}|^p ))^(1/p) + (\sum_{i=1}^{n} (|y_{i}|^q ))^(1/q) where 1/p + 1/q = 1. In fact, that was the hint in the statement of the theorem. But I still couldn't figure out how to use that to prove it. Thanks. – mark leeds Dec 27 '12 at 3:13
For other readers: $$\sum_{i=1}^{n} |x_i y_i| \leq \left(\sum_{i=1}^{n} |x_{i}|^p \right)^{1/p} \cdot \left(\sum_{i=1}^{n} |y_{i}|^q \right)^{1/q} \text{ where } \frac{1}{p} + \frac{1}{q} = 1$$ – Alexander Gruber Dec 27 '12 at 3:54
Nice answer by the way @nullUser. – Alexander Gruber Dec 27 '12 at 4:48

Edit: I have edited my answer to conform more to the notation of the paper you linked.

Firstly, suppose $||\cdot||$ is a norm on $\mathbb{R}^n$, and the dual norm $||\cdot||_*$ is defined as $$||z||_* := \sup \{ z^{\top} x : x \in \mathbb{R}^n, ||x|| \leq 1\}$$ for all $z \in \mathbb{R}^n$. Note that the quantity $z^{\top} x = z\cdot x = \sum_{i=1}^n z_ix_i$ is just the dot product of $z$ and $x$ if thought of both as row vectors.

The paper you linked only mentions the case $1<p,q<\infty$, so we will work in that framework and not worry about the extremal cases. Fix $p,q \in (1,\infty)$ Holder conjugates (i.e. $\frac1p + \frac1q = 1$). Furthermore, fix $z=(z_1,\ldots,z_n) \in \mathbb{R}^n$. We will show that $$\sup \left\{ \sum_{i=1}^n z_ix_i : x=(x_1,\ldots,x_n) \in \mathbb{R}^n, ||x||_q \leq 1\right\} = ||z||_p.$$ We may assume without loss of generality that $z \neq 0$, otherwise both norms are trivially zero.

Let $x=(x_1,\ldots,x_n) \in \mathbb{R}^n$ with $||x||_q \leq 1$ be given. We have by Holder's inequality that $$\sum_{i=1}^n z_ix_i \leq \sum_{i=1}^n |z_ix_i|= ||zx||_1 \leq ||z||_p ||x||_q \leq ||z||_p$$ Hence the supremum in question is at most $||z||_p$. In order to show that the supremum is exactly $||z||_p$, it suffices to find a single $y \in \mathbb{R}^n$ with $||y||_q \leq 1$ such that $\sum_{i=1}^n z_iy_i = ||z||_p$.

Let $x := \mathrm{sign}(z) |z|^{p-1}$, i.e. $x_i := \mathrm{sign}(z_i)|z_i|^{p-1}$ for all $i=1,\ldots,n$. We calculate $$\sum_{i=1}^n z_i x_i = \sum_{i=1}^n z_i \mathrm{sign}(z_i)|z_i|^{p-1} = \sum_{i=1}^n |z_i|^p = ||z||_p^p$$ where here we used the fact that $z_i \mathrm{sign}(z_i) = |z_i|$. Furthermore, we calculate $$||x||_q^q = \sum_{i=1}^n |x_i|^q = \sum_{i=1}^n |\mathrm{sign}(z_i)|z_i|^{p-1}|^q = \sum_{i=1}^n |z_i|^{q(p-1)}= \sum_{i=1}^n |z_i|^p =||z||_p^p$$ where here we used the fact that since $\frac1p + \frac1q = 1$ we have $q(p-1) = p$. Now choose $y := \frac{x}{||x||_q}$ (this is where we used the fact that $z \neq 0$, so that $||x||_q > 0$). By construction we have $||y||_q = 1$, and $$\sum_{i=1}^n z_i y_i = \sum_{i=1}^n z_i \frac{x_i}{||x||_q} = \frac{1}{||x||_q}\sum_{i=1}^n z_i x_i$$ and using the fact that $||x||_q = (||x||_q^q)^{1/q} = (||z||_p^p)^{1/q} = ||z||_p^{p/q}$ and that $\sum_{i=1}^n z_ix_i = ||z||_p^p$ we have that $$\frac{1}{||x||_q}\sum_{i=1}^n z_i x_i = \frac{1}{ ||z||_p^{p/q}}||z||_p^p = ||z||_p^{p-p/q} = ||z||_p$$ where here we used the fact that $\frac1p + \frac1q = 1$ implies $p-p/q = p(1-1/q) = p(1/p) = 1$. Thus we have found $y \in \mathbb{R}^n$ with $||y||_q \leq 1$ such that $\sum_{i=1}^n z_i y_i = ||z||_p$ as desired, completing the proof.

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Thanks NullUser. I did know it was a product rather than a sum. That was a typo. As far as the rest of what you wrote, I'll fight through it and see if I can understand it. It's really appreciated. As I've said before. An amazing list to be on. – mark leeds Dec 27 '12 at 13:06
Hi nullUser: I went over your answer but, to be totally honest,I can't follow most of the steps. Would you mind explaining a few of them. I realize it's probably difficult and a lot of work so no problem if the answer is no. Maybe I'll post the question again ? Thanks a lot either way. – mark leeds Dec 27 '12 at 20:28
I would be happy to explain further, where is the first part that you get stuck at? – nullUser Dec 27 '12 at 22:04
@markleeds Perhaps I am misunderstanding your notation. Could you tell me what exactly $\| z \|_* = \sup\{ z^{t} x : \| x \| < 1 \}$ means? What spaces are $z, x$ in? – nullUser Dec 27 '12 at 22:14
Thanks nullUser: That's really kind of you. I'll will find the exact statement and get back to you but I think you DEFINITELY understand it. It's my problem in that I'm not following your derivation. – mark leeds Dec 28 '12 at 13:36