EDIT: answer on math overflow http://mathoverflow.net/questions/115691/bernoulli-number-formula-involving-roots-of-taylor-polynomial-of-exp-1/115741#115741
Please prove, give more symbolic or numeric support (counterexample!?), simplify or drop me a reference (or some vague hunch).
We have
$$B_n = n!\sum_r \frac{r^{2n}}{p'_n(r)}$$ where $r$ ranges over the roots of the polynomial $p_n$ and $p_n'$ is the derivative of $p_n$. $B_n$ is the $n$-th bernoulli number.
The polynomial $p_n$ is defined as follows.
$$t_n(x) = \sum_{k=0}^{n+2} \frac{x^k}{k!} -1$$
is the truncated taylor polynomial of $\exp-1$ to power $n+2$.
Then $p_n(x):=x^{n+2}t_n(1/x)$ - like the reciprocal polynomial just without conjugation (though it probably makes no difference if there is conjugation or not - since $p$ is a polynomial with real coefficients and the roots come in conjugate pairs).
Examples (already tested for $n=0..18$ with a symbolic solver and for $n=0..62$ numerically):
$n=0$
$$t_0(x)=\frac{x^2}{2}+x$$
$$p_0(x)=x^2t(1/x)=x^2(\frac{1}{2x^2}+\frac{1}{x})=\frac{1}{2}+x$$
root of $p_0$ is $-1/2$.
$$p_0'(x)=1$$
$$B_0=0!\cdot \frac{(-1/2)^{2\cdot 0}}{1}=1$$
$n=1$
$$t_1(x)=\frac{x^3}{3!}+\frac{x^2}{2!}+x=\frac{x^3}{6}+\frac{x^2}{2}+x$$ $$p_1(x)=x^3t_1(1/x)=x^3(\frac{1}{6x^3}+\frac{1}{2x^2}+\frac{1}{x})=\frac{1}{6}+\frac{x}{2}+x^2$$
Roots of $p_1$ are $$r_{1,2}=-\frac{1}{4}\frac{-}{+}\frac{\sqrt {15}i}{12}$$
We have $$r_{1,2}^2=-\frac{1}{24}\frac{+}{-}\frac{\sqrt{15}i}{24}$$
$$p_1'(x)=2x+\frac{1}{2}$$
so $$\frac{1}{p'_{1}(r_{1,2})}=~\frac{+}{-}\frac{2\sqrt{15}i}{5}$$
$$\frac{r_{1,2}^2}{p'_{1}(r_{1,2})}=-\frac{1}{4}\frac{-}{+}\frac{\sqrt{15}i}{60}$$ $$B_1=1!(\frac{r_{1}^2}{p'_{1}(r_1)}+\frac{r_{2}^2}{p'_{2}(r_2)})=-\frac{1}{4}-\frac{1}{4}=-\frac{1}{2}$$
