# How to compute dimension of a space?

Let $I\subset S=K[X_1,X_2,\dots,X_n]$ be a monomial ideal.

(a) Show that $\dim_K S/I < ∞ ⇔ ∃a∈\mathbb{Z}_+ : X^a_i \in I ∀i$.

(b) Given integers $a_i\in \mathbb{Z}_+$, compute $\dim_K S/I$ for $I=(X^{a_1}_1,\dots,X^{a_n}_n)$.

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(a) The "canonical" basis of $S$ as a $K$-vectorspace is the set of all monomials in $S$, that is, $\mathcal M=\{X_1^{a_1}\cdots X_n^{a_n}:a_i\in\mathbb{Z}_+\mbox{ for all } i=1,\dots,n\}$. Obviously, the set of residue classes modulo $I$ of the elements in $\mathcal M$ provide a system of generators of the $K$-vectorspace $S/I$.

If there is $a\in\mathbb{Z}_+$ such that $X_i^a\in I$ for all $i=1,\dots,n$, then $X_1^{a_1}\cdots X_n^{a_n}\in I$ provided $a_1+\cdots+a_n\ge na-n+1$. This shows that a finite set consisting of residue classes modulo $I$ of monomials generate the $K$-vectorspace $S/I$, so $\dim_KS/I<\infty$.

Conversely, if $\dim_KS/I<\infty$, the set of the residue classes modulo $I$ of the elements in $\mathcal M$ contains a (finite) basis. Let's denote this basis by $\mathcal B=\{m_1,\dots,m_t\}$, where $m_i$ is the residue class modulo $I$ of a monomial $M_i\notin I$. Since $\mathcal B$ is finite only finitely many elements of the form $x_i^{m_i}$ belong to $\mathcal B$. (Here $x_i$ denotes the residue class of $X_i$ modulo $I$.) Therefore there exists $a\in\mathbb{Z}_+$ such that $x_i^a\notin\mathcal B$ for all $i=1,\dots,n$. But $x_i^a\in S/I$, so it is a linear combination of the elements of $\mathcal B$. One can write $x_i^a=\sum_{i=1}^t\lambda_im_i$ and lifting this to $S$ one gets $X_i^a-\sum_{i=1}^t\lambda_iM_i\in I$. Now one uses the following

Lemma. If $I\subset S$ is a monomial ideal and $\sum_{i=1}^s\alpha_iN_i\in I$, where $N_i$ are monomials and $\alpha_i\in K,$ $\alpha_i\neq 0$, then $N_i\in I$ for all $i$.

In our case $M_i\notin I$ for all $i$, hence $\lambda_i=0$ for all $i$ and $X_i^a\in I$.

(b) The observations made before and the following

Lemma. A monomial $N$ belongs to $I$ if and only if there exists a monomial $M\in I$ such that $M\mid N$.

show that a $K$-basis for $S/I$ in this case is given by the set $$\mathcal B=\{x_1^{i_1}\cdots x_n^{i_n}: 0\le i_1<a_1,\dots, 0\le i_n<a_n\},$$ so $\dim_KS/I=a_1\cdots a_n$.

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thanks. Your answer is useful and detailed. – daisy Nov 30 '12 at 13:50
Can i do it the following. Let $\exists i_0 : x_{i_0}^a \not\in I \forall a \in \mathbb{Z}_+$ $\Rightarrow$ each monomial that contains $x_{i_0}$ not in $I$ $\Rightarrow$ there are infinitely monomials not belong to $I$ $\Rightarrow dim_K S/I = \infty$(a contradiction) – daisy Nov 30 '12 at 14:16

I'm going to give a few hints. (I will write $k[\mathbf{x}]$ for $k[x_1,\cdots,x_n]$)

First, all of $I, K[\mathbf{x}]$ and $K[\mathbf{x}]/I$ are $k$-vector spaces. Their bases are easy to describe: since $I$ is a monomial ideal, a k-basis for $I$ is given by all its monomials $\mathbf{x}^\mathbb{a}$. A k-basis for $k[\mathbf{x}]$ is given by $\mathbf{x}^\mathbf{a}$ where $\mathbf{a} \in \mathbb{N}^n$ (we allow $0 \in \mathbb{N}$).

So a k-basis for $k[\mathbf{x}]/I$ is given by all monomials $\mathbf{x}^\mathbf{a}$ with $\mathbf{x}^\mathbf{a}$ not in $I$. This mean that $\dim_K S/I$ is finite if and only if there are only finitely many monomials not in $I$. Can you do the rest from here?

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@YACP: It was just a typo. I meant $\mathbf{x}^\mathbf{a} \not \in I$. Thanks for pointing it out. – Fredrik Meyer Nov 30 '12 at 10:49
@YACP: It depends on how you define on how you define "obvious". The ring $k[\mathbf{x}]$ is $\mathbb{N}^n$-graded, and monomial ideals are precisely the $\mathbb{N}^n$-homogenous ideals, which means that they can be written as a sum $I=\oplus_{\mathbf{x}^\mathbf{a} \in I} k\{ \mathbf{x}^\mathbf{a}\}$. From this decomposition, it follows that a k-basis for $k[\mathbf{x}]/I$ consists precisely of the monomials not in $I$. – Fredrik Meyer Nov 30 '12 at 12:43
ok. thank for your hints. i understood about the basis of $S/ I$ – daisy Nov 30 '12 at 13:33