# Irreducible polynomial means no roots?

If a polynomial is irreducible in $R[x]$, where $R$ is a ring, means that it does not have a root in $R$, right?

For example, to say that a polynomial $f(x)\in\mathbb Z[x]$ is irreducible in $\mathbb Q[x]$ is equivalent to say that $f(x)$ does not have any rational root. I just want to make sure.

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An element $a$ of any ring (including polynomial rings) is reducible if and only if there exist elements $b$ and $c$ such that

• $a = bc$
• $b$ is not invertible
• $c$ is not invertible

In the special case of polynomial rings over fields, an element (i.e. a polynomial) $f$ is reducible if and only if there exist non-constant polynomials $g$ and $h$ such that $f = gh$. This is because the non-zero constants are precisely the invertible elements.

The condition of being irreducible if it doesn't have any roots is false. Consider, for example, the polynomial

$$x^4 + 4 x^2 + 3 = (x^2 + 1)(x^2 + 3) \in \mathbb{R}[x]$$

When the coefficient ring is not a field, though, some coefficients are not invertible. The polynomial

$$2x \in \mathbb{Z}[x]$$

is reducible, because it is the product of $2$ and of $x$, both of which are not invertible. However, $2x \in \mathbb{Q}[x]$ is irreducible; the key difference is in this latter case, $2$ is invertible. Also, note that $2x$ has a rational root, despite being irreducible in $\mathbb{Q}[x]$.

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He is not asking whether not having a real root implies irreducibility. He is asking about the other way around. – sxd Oct 27 '12 at 19:30
He uses "equivalent" in his example question. – Hurkyl Oct 27 '12 at 19:31
then his question is inconsistent :P – sxd Oct 27 '12 at 19:51
This is because all non-zero constants are invertible. It is not because all non-zero constants are invertible but they are the only invertible elements of the field. – synack Oct 27 '12 at 21:56
@Kits: Good point. My comment was meant to focus on one direction, but it's easy enough to correct it to apply on both directions, so I shall do so! – Hurkyl Oct 27 '12 at 22:11

What you're asking is almost true. An irreducible polynomial has a root if and only if it is linear. Proof:

Let $k$ be an integral domain. Assume that $f\in k[x]$ is irreducible, i.e. whenever $f=gh$, then either $g$ or $h$ is a unit. Assume that $a\in k$ is a root of $f$, i.e. $f(a)=0$. We perform polynomial division of $f$ by $(x-a)$, yielding $f=(x-a)g + r$ with $\deg(r)<\deg(x-a)=1$, meaning $r\in k$. Since $0=f(a)=r(a)$, it follows that $r=0$ and hence, $f=(x-a)g$ with $g\in k[x]$. But since $f$ is irreducible, this means that $g$ is a unit, i.e. $f$ is a linear polynomial.

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Suppose $p(a)=0$ when $p(x)$ is a polynomial over a (commutative) ring. Then $p(x)=p(x)-p(a)$ and the fact that $x^n-a^n=(x-a)(x^{n-1}+ax^{n-2}+\dots+a^{n-1})$ for all $n$ means that $(x-a)$ is a linear factor of $p(x)$ - so if the polynomial has degree greater than 1 it is reducible.

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To look at things another way $$x^4+5x^2+4=(x^2+1)(x^2+4)$$

is reducible over $\mathbb R$, but does not have any real roots.

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