# Kähler differentials of affine varieties

I would like to gain some intuition regarding the modules of Kähler differentials $\Omega^j_{A/k}$ of an affine algebra $A$ over a (say - algebraically closed) field $k$.

Let us recall the definition: let $A^e = A\mathrel{\otimes_k} A$, let $f:A^e\to A$ be the map defined by $f(a\otimes b) = ab$, and let $I = \ker f$. Then $\Omega^1_{A/k} = I/I^2$. And, $\Omega^j_{A/k} = \bigwedge^j \Omega^1_{A/k}$.

An important theorem regarding Kähler differentials says: If $k \to A$ is smooth of relative dimension $n$, then $\Omega^n_{A/k}$ is a projective module of finite rank.

My question: I was wondering if anyone could provide some examples of: 1. How does the module of Kähler differentials looks for some singular varieties? for example, what is $\Omega^1_{A/k}$ for $A = k[x,y]/(y^2-x^3)$. 2. Can anyone provide an example of a non-singular affine variety with coordinate ring $A$, such that $k \to A$ is smooth of relative dimension $n$, but $\Omega^n_{A/k}$ is projective but not free?

I would be happy for any concrete example that will help my intuition on the subject.

Thanks!

-
You can compute the module of differentials in your example of the node using Macaulay2. –  Mariano Suárez-Alvarez Jan 28 '11 at 21:30

There is a short exact sequence $$0\to A\to A\mathrm dx\oplus A\mathrm dy\to\Omega^1\to 0$$ in which the first map maps $1$ to $2x\,\mathrm dx+3y\,\mathrm dy$. It follows that $\Omega^1$ is isomorphic to the module $$\frac{A\oplus A}{(2x,3y)}.$$

If the characteristic is $2$ or $3$, this looks like $A\oplus A/(y)$ or $A\oplus A/(y)$. If the characteristic is not one of those two, then it is clear, from this description, that if you localize at a prime not containing $x$ or $y$, then you get a free module. Now localize at one of the other ideals, and see what you get!

-
Thank you for your answer. I now see that I should do these computations using the concrete definition of a module of differentials. However, I do not completely understand your calculation. Since in our ring we have that $y^2 = x^3$, it follows that $d(y^2) = 2ydy = d(x^3) = 3x^2dx$, so why do you claim that $2xdx+3ydy = 0$? –  anonymous Jan 29 '11 at 10:29

As for your question (2), here is an example. It requires some backgrounds on the theory of divisors on algebraic curves.

Let $C$ be a (projective) smooth curve of genus $2$ over a field $k$ (say of characteristic different from $2$), defined by a hyperelliptique equation $$y^2=x^6+a_5x^5+\cdots +a_0, \quad a_i\in k.$$ Let $\sigma : C\to C$ be the hyperelliptique involution (it takes $(x,y)$ to $(x,-y)$). There are two points $\infty_1, \infty_2=\sigma(\infty_1)$ of $C$ above $x=\infty$. Consider $U=C\setminus \{\infty_2 \}$ and let $A=O_C(U)$. As $U$ is smooth, $\Omega_{A/k}^1$ is projective of rank $1$ as you know.

Now let us prove that $\Omega^1_{A/k}$ is not free. Suppose it is free. Let $\Omega_{C/k}^1$ be the sheaf of differential forms over $C$. Then $\Omega_{C/k}^1|_U=\Omega_{U/k}^1$ is free. This implies that the canonical divisor $K$ on $C$ is linearly equivalent to a divisor supported only in $C\setminus U=\{ \infty_2 \}$: $K\sim d \infty_2$ for some integer $d$. As $K$ has degree $2g(C)-2=2$, we have $d=2$. On the other hand, it is known that $K\sim P+\sigma(P)$ for any rational point $P$ of $C$. Therefore $$2\infty_2 \sim \infty_1 + \infty_2$$ hence $\infty_1\sim \infty_2$. This implies that $C$ has genus $0$. Contradiction.

Please tell me if you can't understand all the details, I could try some direct computations.

-